\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[left=3.5cm, right=3.5cm]{geometry}

\ifdefined \UnicodeEncodingName
  \usepackage{fontspec}
  % The Harfbuzz renderer provides selection of pre-composed characters
  % (NFC normalization) with LuaTeX
  \setmainfont[Renderer=Harfbuzz]{FreeSerif}
  % \setmainfont[Renderer=Harfbuzz]{Linux Libertine O}
  \ifdefined\luatexversion
    \newcommand*{\texengine}{LuaTeX}
  \else
    \newcommand*{\texengine}{XeTeX}
  \fi
  \newcommand*{\ux}[2]{\ignorespaces#1}
\else
  \usepackage[LGR,T1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage{lmodern}
  \newcommand*{\texengine}{pdfTeX}
  \newcommand*{\ux}[2]{\ignorespaces#2}
\fi

% Load encoding definitions
\usepackage[normalize-symbols]{textalpha}  % "Greek script everywhere"

% With TL22, the special handling of Greek UPPERCASE is only triggered
% if the text language is set to "greek" with Babel:
\usepackage[greek%.local-MakeUppercase-fixes % uncomment to test modifier
            ,english]{babel}  % babel-greek
\languageattribute{greek}{polutoniko}  % "modern" polytonic Greek
% \languageattribute{greek}{ancient}

% Babel's Greek "ini" doesn't drop diacritics input via standard accent macros
% \usepackage[greek,english,provide*=*]{babel}

\usepackage[unicode,colorlinks,linkcolor=blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{bookmark}

\usepackage{longtable}
\setcounter{LTchunksize}{60}

% don't lowercase the font encoding names (T1, LGR, ...)
\ifdefined \AddToNoCaseChangeList % new in 2022
  \AddToNoCaseChangeList{\fontencoding}
\fi

% Auxiliary commands

\ifdefined \extrasgreek % babel-greek loaded
  \newcommand*{\Greek}{\foreignlanguage{greek}}
\else
  \newcommand*{\Greek}{\ensuregreek}
  \newcommand*{\lgrfont}{\fontencoding{LGR}\selectfont}
\fi

\providecommand*{\greekfontencoding}{undefined}

\newcommand{\cs}[1]{\texttt{\textbackslash#1}}
\newcommand{\pkgref}[1]{\emph{\href{https://ctan.org/pkg/#1}{#1}}}

% print the selected language variant
\newcommand*{\GreekLanguageVariant}{%
  \ifx\captionsgreek\captionsancientgreek
    ancient%
  \else
    \ifx\captionsgreek\captionspolutonikogreek
      polutoniko%
    \else
      monotoniko%
    \fi
  \fi
}

% one line in a case-change test table
\newcommand*{\Cases}[1]{%
  & \Greek{#1} & \Greek{\MakeUppercase{#1}} & \Greek{\MakeLowercase{#1}}
}

\newcommand*{\TestUppercase}[1]{\Greek{#1 → \MakeUppercase{#1}}}


% -----------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{document}

\title{Greek characters supported by \emph{greek-fontenc}}
\author{Günter Milde}
\maketitle

\abstract{ \noindent This document lists all Greek characters that are
supported by \emph{greek-fontenc} and tests the outcome of
\cs{MakeUppercase} and \cs{MakeLowercase} for different input variants
(literal input, LICR%
  \footnote{LaTeX internal character representation}
macro, Latin transliteration).

\makeatletter
The document is compiled with \texengine,
format version \fmtversion{} patch-level \patch@level{},
and the L3 programming layer from \ExplFileDate{}.
\makeatother

\ifdefined \extrasgreek % babel-greek loaded
  The \emph{babel-greek} version is ``\csname ver@greek.ldf\endcsname''.
\fi

The \verb|\greekfontencoding| is \greekfontencoding{} and
the current language variant is \emph\GreekLanguageVariant.

}

\tableofcontents

\section{Input Variants}

The columns represent the following input variants:

\begin{enumerate}
  \item literal character
  \item named accent macro + LICR
  \item short accent macro + LICR
  \item short accent macro + \ux{literal character} % Xe/LuaTeX
                                {transliteration}   % pdfTeX
  \item \ux{short accent macro (reversed order) + literal character}
           {accent character   + transliteration}
\end{enumerate}

For composite diacritics, there are additional columns for short macros
in reversed order and with the second diacritic as accent macro.

\section{Greek and Coptic}

Characters from the Greek and Coptic Unicode block that are supported by
\emph{greek-fontenc} and \emph{greek-inputenc}:

\begin{longtable}{llll}
  No.   & original case & MakeUppercase & MakeLowercase \\
  x0374 \Cases{ ʹ \textdexiakeraia{}                                                                                              }\\
  x0375 \Cases{ ͵ \textaristerikeraia{}                                                                                           }\\
  x037A \Cases{ ͺ { }\ypogegrammeni{}                                    \ux{                     }{                            |}}\\
  x037E \Cases{ ; \texterotimatiko{}                                     \ux{                     }{                            ?}}\\
                                                                                                                                   \\
  x0384 \Cases{ ΄ \acctonos{}                       \'{}                 \ux{                     }{                            '}}\\
  x0385 \Cases{ ΅ \accdialytikatonos{ }             \"'{} \'"{} \"\'{}   \ux{                     }{                           "'}}\\
  x0386 \Cases{ Ά \acctonos\textAlpha{}             \'\textAlpha{}       \ux{\'Α                  }{\'A                        'A}}\\
  x0387 \Cases{ · \textanoteleia{}                                       \ux{                     }{                            ;}}\\
  x0388 \Cases{ Έ \acctonos\textEpsilon{}           \'\textEpsilon{}     \ux{\'Ε                  }{\'E                        'E}}\\
  x0389 \Cases{ Ή \acctonos\textEta{}               \'\textEta{}         \ux{\'Η                  }{\'H                        'H}}\\
  x038A \Cases{ Ί \acctonos\textIota{}              \'\textIota{}        \ux{\'Ι                  }{\'I                        'I}}\\
  x038C \Cases{ Ό \acctonos\textOmicron{}           \'\textOmicron{}     \ux{\'Ο                  }{\'O                        'O}}\\
  x038E \Cases{ Ύ \acctonos\textUpsilon{}           \'\textUpsilon{}     \ux{\'Υ                  }{\'U                        'U}}\\
  x038F \Cases{ Ώ \acctonos\textOmega{}             \'\textOmega{}       \ux{\'Ω                  }{\'W                        'W}}\\
                                                                                                                                   \\
  x0390 \Cases{ ΐ \accdialytikatonos\textiota{}     \'"\textiota{}       \ux{\'"ι \"'ι \'\"ι \"\'ι}{\'"i \"'i \'\"i \"\'i '"i "'i}}%
                  \ux{}{\footnote{With the pre-2022 \cs{MakeUppercase} and literal input, the order of combined accents
                                  involving the dialytika is important, e.g., \texttt{"'i} results in \Greek{"'i → "vI}.}}         \\
  x0391 \Cases{ Α \textAlpha{}                                           \ux{                     }{                            A}}\\
  x0392 \Cases{ Β \textBeta{}                                            \ux{                     }{                            B}}\\
  x0393 \Cases{ Γ \textGamma{}                                           \ux{                     }{                            G}}\\
  x0394 \Cases{ Δ \textDelta{}                                           \ux{                     }{                            D}}\\
  x0395 \Cases{ Ε \textEpsilon{}                                         \ux{                     }{                            E}}\\
  x0396 \Cases{ Ζ \textZeta{}                                            \ux{                     }{                            Z}}\\
  x0397 \Cases{ Η \textEta{}                                             \ux{                     }{                            H}}\\
  x0398 \Cases{ Θ \textTheta{}                      \textvarTheta{}      \ux{                     }{                            J}}\\
  x0399 \Cases{ Ι \textIota{}                                            \ux{                     }{                            I}}\\
  x039A \Cases{ Κ \textKappa{}                                           \ux{                     }{                            K}}\\
  x039B \Cases{ Λ \textLambda{}                                          \ux{                     }{                            L}}\\
  x039C \Cases{ Μ \textMu{}                                              \ux{                     }{                            M}}\\
  x039D \Cases{ Ν \textNu{}                                              \ux{                     }{                            N}}\\
  x039E \Cases{ Ξ \textXi{}                                              \ux{                     }{                            X}}\\
  x039F \Cases{ Ο \textOmicron{}                                         \ux{                     }{                            O}}\\
                                                                                                                                   \\
  x03A0 \Cases{ Π \textPi{}                                              \ux{                     }{                            P}}\\
  x03A1 \Cases{ Ρ \textRho{}                                             \ux{                     }{                            R}}\\
  x03A3 \Cases{ Σ \textSigma{}                                           \ux{                     }{                            S}}%
                  cf. section~\ref{sec:sigma}                                                                                      \\
  x03A4 \Cases{ Τ \textTau{}                                             \ux{                     }{                            T}}\\
  x03A5 \Cases{ Υ \textUpsilon{}                                         \ux{                     }{                            U}}\\
  x03A6 \Cases{ Φ \textPhi{}                                             \ux{                     }{                            F}}\\
  x03A7 \Cases{ Χ \textChi{}                                             \ux{                     }{                            Q}}\\
  x03A8 \Cases{ Ψ \textPsi{}                                             \ux{                     }{                            Y}}\\
  x03A9 \Cases{ Ω \textOmega{}                                           \ux{                     }{                            W}}\\
  x03AA \Cases{ Ϊ \accdialytika\textIota{}          \"\textIota{}        \ux{\"Ι                  }{\"I                        "I}}\\
  x03AB \Cases{ Ϋ \accdialytika\textUpsilon{}       \"\textUpsilon{}     \ux{\"Υ                  }{\"U                        "U}}\\
  x03AC \Cases{ ά \acctonos\textalpha{}             \'\textalpha{}       \ux{\'α                  }{\'a                        'a}}\\
  x03AD \Cases{ έ \acctonos\textepsilon{}           \'\textepsilon{}     \ux{\'ε                  }{\'e                        'e}}\\
  x03AE \Cases{ ή \acctonos\texteta{}               \'\texteta{}         \ux{\'η                  }{\'h                        'h}}\\
  x03AF \Cases{ ί \acctonos\textiota{}              \'\textiota{}        \ux{\'ι                  }{\'i                        'i}}\\
                                                                                                                                   \\
  x03B0 \Cases{ ΰ \accdialytikatonos\textupsilon{}  \"'\textupsilon{}    \ux{\"'υ \'"υ \'\"υ \"\'υ}{\'"u \"'u \'\"u \"\'u '"u "'u}}\\
  x03B1 \Cases{ α \textalpha{}                                           \ux{                     }{a                            }}\\
  x03B2 \Cases{ β \textbeta{}                                            \ux{                     }{b                            }}\\
  x03B3 \Cases{ γ \textgamma{}                                           \ux{                     }{g                            }}\\
  x03B4 \Cases{ δ \textdelta{}                                           \ux{                     }{d                            }}\\
  x03B5 \Cases{ ε \textepsilon{}                    \textvarepsilon{}    \ux{                     }{e                            }}\\
  x03B6 \Cases{ ζ \textzeta{}                                            \ux{                     }{z                            }}\\
  x03B7 \Cases{ η \texteta{}                                             \ux{                     }{h                            }}\\
  x03B8 \Cases{ θ \texttheta{}                                           \ux{                     }{j                            }}\\
  x03B9 \Cases{ ι \textiota{}                                            \ux{                     }{i                            }}\\
  x03BA \Cases{ κ \textkappa{}                                           \ux{                     }{k                            }}\\
  x03BB \Cases{ λ \textlambda{}                                          \ux{                     }{l                            }}\\
  x03BC \Cases{ μ \textmu{}                                              \ux{                     }{m                            }}\\
  x03BD \Cases{ ν \textnu{}                                              \ux{                     }{n                            }}\\
  x03BE \Cases{ ξ \textxi{}                                              \ux{                     }{x                            }}\\
  x03BF \Cases{ ο \textomicron{}                                         \ux{                     }{o                            }}\\
                                                                                                                                   \\
  x03C0 \Cases{ π \textpi{}                                              \ux{                     }{p                            }}\\
  x03C1 \Cases{ ρ \textrho{}                                             \ux{                     }{r                            }}\\
  x03C2 \Cases{ ς \textfinalsigma{}                 \textvarsigma{}      \ux{                     }{s                            }}\\
  x03C3 \Cases{ σ \textsigma{}                      \textsigma{}         \ux{                     }{s\textcompwordmark{}       sv}}
        \ux{}{sic!\footnote{transliteration \texttt{sv} fails in uppercase}}                                                       \\
  x03C4 \Cases{ τ \texttau{}                                             \ux{                     }{t                            }}\\
  x03C5 \Cases{ υ \textupsilon{}                                         \ux{                     }{u                            }}\\
  x03C6 \Cases{ φ \textphi{}                        \textvarphi{}        \ux{                     }{f                            }}\\
  x03C7 \Cases{ χ \textchi{}                                             \ux{                     }{q                            }}\\
  x03C8 \Cases{ ψ \textpsi{}                                             \ux{                     }{y                            }}\\
  x03C9 \Cases{ ω \textomega{}                                           \ux{                     }{w                            }}\\
  x03CA \Cases{ ϊ \accdialytika\textiota{}          \"\textiota{}        \ux{\"ι                  }{\"i                        "i}}\\
  x03CB \Cases{ ϋ \accdialytika\textupsilon{}       \"\textupsilon{}     \ux{\"υ                  }{\"u                        "u}}\\
  x03CC \Cases{ ό \acctonos\textomicron{}           \'\textomicron{}     \ux{\'ο                  }{\'o                        'o}}\\
  x03CD \Cases{ ύ \acctonos\textupsilon{}           \'\textupsilon{}     \ux{\'υ                  }{\'u                        'u}}\\
  x03CE \Cases{ ώ \acctonos\textomega{}             \'\textomega{}       \ux{\'ω                  }{\'w                        'w}}\\
                                                                                                                                   \\
  x03D0 \Cases{ ϐ \textbetasymbol{}                 \textvarbeta{}                                                                }\\
  x03D1 \Cases{ ϑ \textthetasymbol{}                \textvartheta{}                                                               }\\
  x03D5 \Cases{ ϕ \textphisymbol{}                                                                                                }\\
  x03D6 \Cases{ ϖ \textpisymbol{}                   \textvarpi{}                                                                  }\\
  x03D8 \Cases{ Ϙ \textQoppa{}                                                                                                    }\\
  x03D9 \Cases{ ϙ \textqoppa{}                                                                                                    }\\
  x03DA \Cases{ Ϛ \textStigma{}                                                                                                   }\\
  x03DB \Cases{ ϛ \textstigma{}                                                                                                   }\\
  x03DC \Cases{ Ϝ \textDigamma{}                                                                                                  }\\
  x03DD \Cases{ ϝ \textdigamma{}                                                                                                  }\\
  x03DE \Cases{ Ϟ \textKoppa{}                                                                                                    }\\
  x03DF \Cases{ ϟ \textkoppa{}                                                                                                    }\\
                                                                                                                                   \\
  x03E0 \Cases{ Ϡ \textSampi{}                                                                                                    }\\
  x03E1 \Cases{ ϡ \textsampi{}                                                                                                    }\\
                                                                                                                                   \\
  x03F0 \Cases{ ϰ \textkappasymbol{}                \textvarkappa{}                                                               }\\
  x03F1 \Cases{ ϱ \textrhosymbol{}                  \textvarrho{}                                                                 }\\
  x03F4 \Cases{ ϴ \textThetasymbol{}                                                                                              }\\
  x03F5 \Cases{ ϵ \textepsilonsymbol{}                                                                                            }\\
\end{longtable}


% -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{Greek extended}

\begin{longtable}{llll}
  x1F00 \Cases{ ἀ \accpsili\textalpha{}                           \>\textalpha{}                      \ux{ \>α                 }{ \>a                       >a}}\\
  x1F01 \Cases{ ἁ \accdasia\textalpha{}                           \<\textalpha{}                      \ux{ \<α                 }{ \<a                       <a}}\\
  x1F02 \Cases{ ἂ \accpsilivaria\textalpha{}                     \>`\textalpha{}                      \ux{\>`α \`>α \>\`α \`\>α}{\>`a \`>a \>\`a \`\>a >`a `>a}}\\
  x1F03 \Cases{ ἃ \accdasiavaria\textalpha{}                     \<`\textalpha{}                      \ux{\<`α \`<α \<\`α \`\<α}{\<`a \`<a \<\`a \`\<a <`a `<a}}\\
  x1F04 \Cases{ ἄ \accpsilioxia\textalpha{}                      \>'\textalpha{}                      \ux{\>'α \'>α \>\'α \'\>α}{\>'a \'>a \>\'a \'\>a >'a '>a}}\\
  x1F05 \Cases{ ἅ \accdasiaoxia\textalpha{}                      \<'\textalpha{}                      \ux{\<'α \'<α \<\'α \'\<α}{\<'a \'<a \<\'a \'\<a <'a '<a}}\\
  x1F06 \Cases{ ἆ \accpsiliperispomeni\textalpha{}               \~>\textalpha{}                      \ux{\>~α \~>α \>\~α \~\>α}{\>~a \~>a \>\~a \~\>a >~a ~>a}}\\
  x1F07 \Cases{ ἇ \accdasiaperispomeni\textalpha{}               \~<\textalpha{}                      \ux{\<~α \~<α \<\~α \~\<α}{\<~a \~<a \<\~a \~\<a <~a ~<a}}\\
  x1F08 \Cases{ Ἀ \accpsili\textAlpha{}                           \>\textAlpha{}                      \ux{ \>Α                 }{ \>A                       >A}}\\
  x1F09 \Cases{ Ἁ \accdasia\textAlpha{}                           \<\textAlpha{}                      \ux{ \<Α                 }{ \<A                       <A}}\\
  x1F0A \Cases{ Ἂ \accpsilivaria\textAlpha{}                     \>`\textAlpha{}                      \ux{\>`Α \`>Α \>\`Α \`\>Α}{\>`A \`>A \>\`A \`\>A >`A `>A}}\\
  x1F0B \Cases{ Ἃ \accdasiavaria\textAlpha{}                     \<`\textAlpha{}                      \ux{\<`Α \`<Α \<\`Α \`\<Α}{\<`A \`<A \<\`A \`\<A <`A `<A}}\\
  x1F0C \Cases{ Ἄ \accpsilioxia\textAlpha{}                      \>'\textAlpha{}                      \ux{\>'Α \'>Α \>\'Α \'\>Α}{\>'A \'>A \>\'A \'\>A >'A '>A}}\\
  x1F0D \Cases{ Ἅ \accdasiaoxia\textAlpha{}                      \<'\textAlpha{}                      \ux{\<'Α \'<Α \<\'Α \'\<Α}{\<'A \'<A \<\'A \'\<A <'A '<A}}\\
  x1F0E \Cases{ Ἆ \accpsiliperispomeni\textAlpha{}               \~>\textAlpha{}                      \ux{\>~Α \~>Α \>\~Α \~\>Α}{\>~A \~>A \>\~A \~\>A >~A ~>A}}\\
  x1F0F \Cases{ Ἇ \accdasiaperispomeni\textAlpha{}               \~<\textAlpha{}                      \ux{\<~Α \~<Α \<\~Α \~\<Α}{\<~A \~<A \<\~A \~\<A <~A ~<A}}\\
                                                                                                                                                                \\
  x1F10 \Cases{ ἐ \accpsili\textepsilon{}                         \>\textepsilon{}                    \ux{ \>ε                 }{ \>e                       >e}}\\
  x1F11 \Cases{ ἑ \accdasia\textepsilon{}                         \<\textepsilon{}                    \ux{ \<ε                 }{ \<e                       <e}}\\
  x1F12 \Cases{ ἒ \accpsilivaria\textepsilon{}                   \>`\textepsilon{}                    \ux{\>`ε \`>ε \>\`ε \`\>ε}{\>`e                      >`e}}\\
  x1F13 \Cases{ ἓ \accdasiavaria\textepsilon{}                   \<`\textepsilon{}                    \ux{\<`ε \`<ε \<\`ε \`\<ε}{\<`e                      <`e}}\\
  x1F14 \Cases{ ἔ \accpsilioxia\textepsilon{}                    \>'\textepsilon{}                    \ux{\>'ε \'>ε \>\'ε \'\>ε}{\>'e                      >'e}}\\
  x1F15 \Cases{ ἕ \accdasiaoxia\textepsilon{}                    \<'\textepsilon{}                    \ux{\<'ε \'<ε \<\'ε \'\<ε}{\<'e                      <'e}}\\
  x1F18 \Cases{ Ἐ \accpsili\textEpsilon{}                         \>\textEpsilon{}                    \ux{ \>Ε                 }{ \>E                       >E}}\\
  x1F19 \Cases{ Ἑ \accdasia\textEpsilon{}                         \<\textEpsilon{}                    \ux{ \<Ε                 }{ \<E                       <E}}\\
  x1F1A \Cases{ Ἒ \accpsilivaria\textEpsilon{}                   \>`\textEpsilon{}                    \ux{\>`Ε \`>Ε \>\`Ε \`\>Ε}{\>`E                      >`E}}\\
  x1F1B \Cases{ Ἓ \accdasiavaria\textEpsilon{}                   \<`\textEpsilon{}                    \ux{\<`Ε \`<Ε \<\`Ε \`\<Ε}{\<`E                      <`E}}\\
  x1F1C \Cases{ Ἔ \accpsilioxia\textEpsilon{}                    \>'\textEpsilon{}                    \ux{\>'Ε \'>Ε \>\'Ε \'\>Ε}{\>'E                      >'E}}\\
  x1F1D \Cases{ Ἕ \accdasiaoxia\textEpsilon{}                    \<'\textEpsilon{}                    \ux{\<'Ε \'<Ε \<\'Ε \'\<Ε}{\<'E                      <'E}}\\
                                                                                                                                                                \\
  x1F20 \Cases{ ἠ \accpsili\texteta{}                             \>\texteta{}                        \ux{ \>η                 }{ \>h                       >h}}\\
  x1F21 \Cases{ ἡ \accdasia\texteta{}                             \<\texteta{}                        \ux{ \<η                 }{ \<h                       <h}}\\
  x1F22 \Cases{ ἢ \accpsilivaria\texteta{}                       \>`\texteta{}                        \ux{\>`η \`>η \>\`η \`\>η}{\>`h                      >`h}}\\
  x1F23 \Cases{ ἣ \accdasiavaria\texteta{}                       \<`\texteta{}                        \ux{\<`η \`<η \<\`η \`\<η}{\<`h                      <`h}}\\
  x1F24 \Cases{ ἤ \accpsilioxia\texteta{}                        \>'\texteta{}                        \ux{\>'η \'>η \>\'η \'\>η}{\>'h                      >'h}}\\
  x1F25 \Cases{ ἥ \accdasiaoxia\texteta{}                        \<'\texteta{}                        \ux{\<'η \'<η \<\'η \'\<η}{\<'h                      <'h}}\\
  x1F26 \Cases{ ἦ \accpsiliperispomeni\texteta{}                 \~>\texteta{}                        \ux{\>~η \~>η \>\~η \~\>η}{\>~h                      >~h}}\\
  x1F27 \Cases{ ἧ \accdasiaperispomeni\texteta{}                 \~<\texteta{}                        \ux{\<~η \~<η \<\~η \~\<η}{\<~h                      <~h}}\\
  x1F28 \Cases{ Ἠ \accpsili\textEta{}                             \>\textEta{}                        \ux{ \>Η                 }{ \>H                       >H}}\\
  x1F29 \Cases{ Ἡ \accdasia\textEta{}                             \<\textEta{}                        \ux{ \<Η                 }{ \<H                       <H}}\\
  x1F2A \Cases{ Ἢ \accpsilivaria\textEta{}                       \>`\textEta{}                        \ux{\>`Η \`>Η \>\`Η \`\>Η}{\>`H                      >`H}}\\
  x1F2B \Cases{ Ἣ \accdasiavaria\textEta{}                       \<`\textEta{}                        \ux{\<`Η \`<Η \<\`Η \`\<Η}{\<`H                      <`H}}\\
  x1F2C \Cases{ Ἤ \accpsilioxia\textEta{}                        \>'\textEta{}                        \ux{\'>Η \'>Η \'\>Η \'\>Η}{\>'H                      >'H}}\\
  x1F2D \Cases{ Ἥ \accdasiaoxia\textEta{}                        \<'\textEta{}                        \ux{\<'Η \'<Η \<\'Η \'\<Η}{\<'H                      <'H}}\\
  x1F2E \Cases{ Ἦ \accpsiliperispomeni\textEta{}                 \~>\textEta{}                        \ux{\>~Η \~>Η \>\~Η \~\>Η}{\>~H                      >~H}}\\
  x1F2F \Cases{ Ἧ \accdasiaperispomeni\textEta{}                 \~<\textEta{}                        \ux{\<~Η \~<Η \<\~Η \~\<Η}{\<~H                      <~H}}\\
                                                                                                                                                                \\
  x1F30 \Cases{ ἰ \accpsili\textiota{}                            \>\textiota{}                       \ux{ \>ι                 }{ \>i                       >i}}\\
  x1F31 \Cases{ ἱ \accdasia\textiota{}                            \<\textiota{}                       \ux{ \<ι                 }{ \<i                       <i}}\\
  x1F32 \Cases{ ἲ \accpsilivaria\textiota{}                      \>`\textiota{}                       \ux{\>`ι \`>ι            }{\>`i                      >`i}}\\
  x1F33 \Cases{ ἳ \accdasiavaria\textiota{}                      \<`\textiota{}                       \ux{\<`ι \`<ι            }{\<`i                      <`i}}\\
  x1F34 \Cases{ ἴ \accpsilioxia\textiota{}                       \>'\textiota{}                       \ux{\>'ι \'>ι            }{\>'i                      >'i}}\\
  x1F35 \Cases{ ἵ \accdasiaoxia\textiota{}                       \<'\textiota{}                       \ux{\<'ι \'<ι            }{\<'i                      <'i}}\\
  x1F36 \Cases{ ἶ \accpsiliperispomeni\textiota{}                \~>\textiota{}                       \ux{\>~ι \~>ι            }{\>~i                      >~i}}\\
  x1F37 \Cases{ ἷ \accdasiaperispomeni\textiota{}                \~<\textiota{}                       \ux{\<~ι \~<ι            }{\<~i                      <~i}}\\
  x1F38 \Cases{ Ἰ \accpsili\textIota{}                            \>\textIota{}                       \ux{ \>Ι                 }{ \>I                       >I}}\\
  x1F39 \Cases{ Ἱ \accdasia\textIota{}                            \<\textIota{}                       \ux{ \<Ι                 }{ \<I                       <I}}\\
  x1F3A \Cases{ Ἲ \accpsilivaria\textIota{}                      \>`\textIota{}                       \ux{\>`Ι \`>Ι            }{\>`I                      >`I}}\\
  x1F3B \Cases{ Ἳ \accdasiavaria\textIota{}                      \<`\textIota{}                       \ux{\<`Ι \`<Ι            }{\<`I                      <`I}}\\
  x1F3C \Cases{ Ἴ \accpsilioxia\textIota{}                       \>'\textIota{}                       \ux{\>'Ι \'>Ι            }{\>'I                      >'I}}\\
  x1F3D \Cases{ Ἵ \accdasiaoxia\textIota{}                       \<'\textIota{}                       \ux{\<'Ι \'<Ι            }{\<'I                      <'I}}\\
  x1F3E \Cases{ Ἶ \accpsiliperispomeni\textIota{}                \~>\textIota{}                       \ux{\>~Ι \~>Ι            }{\>~I                      >~I}}\\
  x1F3F \Cases{ Ἷ \accdasiaperispomeni\textIota{}                \~<\textIota{}                       \ux{\<~Ι \~<Ι            }{\<~I                      <~I}}\\
                                                                                                                                                                \\
  x1F40 \Cases{ ὀ \accpsili\textomicron{}                         \>\textomicron{}                    \ux{ \>ο                 }{ \>o                       >o}}\\
  x1F41 \Cases{ ὁ \accdasia\textomicron{}                         \<\textomicron{}                    \ux{ \<ο                 }{ \<o                       <o}}\\
  x1F42 \Cases{ ὂ \accpsilivaria\textomicron{}                   \>`\textomicron{}                    \ux{\>`ο \`>ο            }{\>`o                      >`o}}\\
  x1F43 \Cases{ ὃ \accdasiavaria\textomicron{}                   \<`\textomicron{}                    \ux{\<`ο \`<ο            }{\<`o                      <`o}}\\
  x1F44 \Cases{ ὄ \accpsilioxia\textomicron{}                    \>'\textomicron{}                    \ux{\>'ο \'>ο            }{\>'o                      >'o}}\\
  x1F45 \Cases{ ὅ \accdasiaoxia\textomicron{}                    \<'\textomicron{}                    \ux{\<'ο \'<ο            }{\<'o                      <'o}}\\
  x1F48 \Cases{ Ὀ \accpsili\textOmicron{}                         \>\textOmicron{}                    \ux{ \>Ο                 }{ \>O                       >O}}\\
  x1F49 \Cases{ Ὁ \accdasia\textOmicron{}                         \<\textOmicron{}                    \ux{ \<Ο                 }{ \<O                       <O}}\\
  x1F4A \Cases{ Ὂ \accpsilivaria\textOmicron{}                   \>`\textOmicron{}                    \ux{\>`Ο \`>Ο            }{\>`O                      >`O}}\\
  x1F4B \Cases{ Ὃ \accdasiavaria\textOmicron{}                   \<`\textOmicron{}                    \ux{\<`Ο \`<Ο            }{\<`O                      <`O}}\\
  x1F4C \Cases{ Ὄ \accpsilioxia\textOmicron{}                    \>'\textOmicron{}                    \ux{\>'Ο \'>Ο            }{\>'O                      >'O}}\\
  x1F4D \Cases{ Ὅ \accdasiaoxia\textOmicron{}                    \<'\textOmicron{}                    \ux{\<'Ο \'<Ο            }{\<'O                      <'O}}\\
                                                                                                                                                                \\
  x1F50 \Cases{ ὐ \accpsili\textupsilon{}                         \>\textupsilon{}                    \ux{ \>υ                 }{ \>u                       >u}}\\
  x1F51 \Cases{ ὑ \accdasia\textupsilon{}                         \<\textupsilon{}                    \ux{ \<υ                 }{ \<u                       <u}}\\
  x1F52 \Cases{ ὒ \accpsilivaria\textupsilon{}                   \>`\textupsilon{}                    \ux{\>`υ \`>υ            }{\>`u                      >`u}}\\
  x1F53 \Cases{ ὓ \accdasiavaria\textupsilon{}                   \<`\textupsilon{}                    \ux{\<`υ \`<υ            }{\<`u                      <`u}}\\
  x1F54 \Cases{ ὔ \accpsilioxia\textupsilon{}                    \>'\textupsilon{}                    \ux{\>'υ \'>υ            }{\>'u                      >'u}}\\
  x1F55 \Cases{ ὕ \accdasiaoxia\textupsilon{}                    \<'\textupsilon{}                    \ux{\<'υ \'<υ            }{\<'u                      <'u}}\\
  x1F56 \Cases{ ὖ \accpsiliperispomeni\textupsilon{}             \~>\textupsilon{}                    \ux{\>~υ \~>υ            }{\>~u                      >~u}}\\
  x1F57 \Cases{ ὗ \accdasiaperispomeni\textupsilon{}             \~<\textupsilon{}                    \ux{\<~υ \~<υ            }{\<~u                      <~u}}\\
  x1F59 \Cases{ Ὑ \accdasia\textUpsilon{}                         \<\textUpsilon{}                    \ux{ \<Υ                 }{ \<U                       <U}}\\
  x1F5B \Cases{ Ὓ \accdasiavaria\textUpsilon{}                   \<`\textUpsilon{}                    \ux{\<`Υ \`<Υ            }{\<`U                      <`U}}\\
  x1F5D \Cases{ Ὕ \accdasiaoxia\textUpsilon{}                    \<'\textUpsilon{}                    \ux{\<'Υ \'<Υ            }{\<'U                      <'U}}\\
  x1F5F \Cases{ Ὗ \accdasiaperispomeni\textUpsilon{}             \~<\textUpsilon{}                    \ux{\<~Υ \~<Υ            }{\<~U                      <~U}}\\
                                                                                                                                                                \\
  x1F60 \Cases{ ὠ \accpsili\textomega{}                           \>\textomega{}                      \ux{ \>ω                 }{ \>w                       >w}}\\
  x1F61 \Cases{ ὡ \accdasia\textomega{}                           \<\textomega{}                      \ux{ \<ω                 }{ \<w                       <w}}\\
  x1F62 \Cases{ ὢ \accpsilivaria\textomega{}                     \>`\textomega{}                      \ux{\>`ω \`>ω            }{\>`w                      >`w}}\\
  x1F63 \Cases{ ὣ \accdasiavaria\textomega{}                     \<`\textomega{}                      \ux{\<`ω \`<ω            }{\<`w                      <`w}}\\
  x1F64 \Cases{ ὤ \accpsilioxia\textomega{}                      \>'\textomega{}                      \ux{\>'ω \'>ω            }{\>'w                      >'w}}\\
  x1F65 \Cases{ ὥ \accdasiaoxia\textomega{}                      \<'\textomega{}                      \ux{\<'ω \'<ω            }{\<'w                      <'w}}\\
  x1F66 \Cases{ ὦ \accpsiliperispomeni\textomega{}               \~>\textomega{}                      \ux{\>~ω \~>ω            }{\>~w                      >~w}}\\
  x1F67 \Cases{ ὧ \accdasiaperispomeni\textomega{}               \~<\textomega{}                      \ux{\<~ω \~<ω            }{\<~w                      <~w}}\\
  x1F68 \Cases{ Ὠ \accpsili\textOmega{}                           \>\textOmega{}                      \ux{ \>Ω                 }{ \>W                       >W}}\\
  x1F69 \Cases{ Ὡ \accdasia\textOmega{}                           \<\textOmega{}                      \ux{ \<Ω                 }{ \<W                       <W}}\\
  x1F6A \Cases{ Ὢ \accpsilivaria\textOmega{}                     \>`\textOmega{}                      \ux{\>`Ω \`>Ω            }{\>`W                      >`W}}\\
  x1F6B \Cases{ Ὣ \accdasiavaria\textOmega{}                     \<`\textOmega{}                      \ux{\<`Ω \`<Ω            }{\<`W                      <`W}}\\
  x1F6C \Cases{ Ὤ \accpsilioxia\textOmega{}                      \>'\textOmega{}                      \ux{\>'Ω \'>Ω            }{\>'W                      >'W}}\\
  x1F6D \Cases{ Ὥ \accdasiaoxia\textOmega{}                      \<'\textOmega{}                      \ux{\<'Ω \'<Ω            }{\<'W                      <'W}}\\
  x1F6E \Cases{ Ὦ \accpsiliperispomeni\textOmega{}               \~>\textOmega{}                      \ux{\>~Ω \~>Ω            }{\>~W                      >~W}}\\
  x1F6F \Cases{ Ὧ \accdasiaperispomeni\textOmega{}               \~<\textOmega{}                      \ux{\<~Ω \~<Ω            }{\<~W                      <~W}}\\
                                                                                                                                                                \\
  x1F70 \Cases{ ὰ \accvaria\textalpha{}                          \`\textalpha{}                       \ux{\`α                  }{\`a                        `a}}\\
  x1F71 \Cases{ ά \accoxia\textalpha{}                           \'\textalpha{}                       \ux{\'α                  }{\'a                        'a}}\\
  x1F72 \Cases{ ὲ \accvaria\textepsilon{}                        \`\textepsilon{}                     \ux{\`ε                  }{\`e                        `e}}\\
  x1F73 \Cases{ έ \accoxia\textepsilon{}                         \'\textepsilon{}                     \ux{\'ε                  }{\'e                        'e}}\\
  x1F74 \Cases{ ὴ \accvaria\texteta{}                            \`\texteta{}                         \ux{\`η                  }{\`h                        `h}}\\
  x1F75 \Cases{ ή \accoxia\texteta{}                             \'\texteta{}                         \ux{\'η                  }{\'h                        'h}}\\
  x1F76 \Cases{ ὶ \accvaria\textiota{}                           \`\textiota{}                        \ux{\`ι                  }{\`i                        `i}}\\
  x1F77 \Cases{ ί \accoxia\textiota{}                            \'\textiota{}                        \ux{\'ι                  }{\'i                        'i}}\\
  x1F78 \Cases{ ὸ \accvaria\textomicron{}                        \`\textomicron{}                     \ux{\`ο                  }{\`o                        `o}}\\
  x1F79 \Cases{ ό \accoxia\textomicron{}                         \'\textomicron{}                     \ux{\'ο                  }{\'o                        'o}}\\
  x1F7A \Cases{ ὺ \accvaria\textupsilon{}                        \`\textupsilon{}                     \ux{\`υ                  }{\`u                        `u}}\\
  x1F7B \Cases{ ύ \accoxia\textupsilon{}                         \'\textupsilon{}                     \ux{\'υ                  }{\'u                        'u}}\\
  x1F7C \Cases{ ὼ \accvaria\textomega{}                          \`\textomega{}                       \ux{\`ω                  }{\`w                        `w}}\\
  x1F7D \Cases{ ώ \accoxia\textomega{}                           \'\textomega{}                       \ux{\'ω                  }{\'w                        'w}}\\
                                                                                                                                                                \\
  x1F80 \Cases{ ᾀ \accpsili\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}             \>\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{ \>α\ypogegrammeni{} }{ \>a|                     >a|}}\\
  x1F81 \Cases{ ᾁ \accdasia\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}             \<\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{ \<α\ypogegrammeni{} }{ \<a|                     <a|}}\\
  x1F82 \Cases{ ᾂ \accpsilivaria\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}       \>`\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\>`α\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>`a|                    >`a|}}\\
  x1F83 \Cases{ ᾃ \accdasiavaria\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}       \<`\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\<`α\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<`a|                    <`a|}}\\
  x1F84 \Cases{ ᾄ \accpsilioxia\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \>'\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\>'α\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>'a|                    >'a|}}\\
  x1F85 \Cases{ ᾅ \accdasiaoxia\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \<'\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\<'α\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<'a|                    <'a|}}\\
  x1F86 \Cases{ ᾆ \accpsiliperispomeni\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{} \~>\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\~>α\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>~a|                    >~a|}}\\
  x1F87 \Cases{ ᾇ \accdasiaperispomeni\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{} \~<\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\~<α\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<~a|                    <~a|}}\\
  x1F88 \Cases{ ᾈ \accpsili\textAlpha\ypogegrammeni{}             \>\textAlpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{ \>Α\ypogegrammeni{} }{ \>A|                     >A|}}\\
  x1F89 \Cases{ ᾉ \accdasia\textAlpha\ypogegrammeni{}             \<\textAlpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{ \<Α\ypogegrammeni{} }{ \<A|                     <A|}}\\
  x1F8A \Cases{ ᾊ \accpsilivaria\textAlpha\ypogegrammeni{}       \>`\textAlpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\>`Α\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>`A|                    >`A|}}\\
  x1F8B \Cases{ ᾋ \accdasiavaria\textAlpha\ypogegrammeni{}       \<`\textAlpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\<`Α\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<`A|                    <`A|}}\\
  x1F8C \Cases{ ᾌ \accpsilioxia\textAlpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \>'\textAlpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\>'Α\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>'A|                    >'A|}}\\
  x1F8D \Cases{ ᾍ \accdasiaoxia\textAlpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \<'\textAlpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\<'Α\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<'A|                    <'A|}}\\
  x1F8E \Cases{ ᾎ \accpsiliperispomeni\textAlpha\ypogegrammeni{} \~>\textAlpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\~>Α\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>~A|                    >~A|}}\\
  x1F8F \Cases{ ᾏ \accdasiaperispomeni\textAlpha\ypogegrammeni{} \~<\textAlpha\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\~<Α\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<~A|                    <~A|}}\\
                                                                                                                                                                \\
  x1F90 \Cases{ ᾐ \accpsili\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}               \>\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}          \ux{ \>η\ypogegrammeni{} }{ \>h|                     >h|}}\\
  x1F91 \Cases{ ᾑ \accdasia\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}               \<\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}          \ux{ \<η\ypogegrammeni{} }{ \<h|                     <h|}}\\
  x1F92 \Cases{ ᾒ \accpsilivaria\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}         \>`\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}          \ux{\>`η\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>`h|                    >`h|}}\\
  x1F93 \Cases{ ᾓ \accdasiavaria\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}         \<`\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}          \ux{\<`η\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<`h|                    <`h|}}\\
  x1F94 \Cases{ ᾔ \accpsilioxia\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}          \>'\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}          \ux{\>'η\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>'h|                    >'h|}}\\
  x1F95 \Cases{ ᾕ \accdasiaoxia\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}          \<'\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}          \ux{\<'η\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<'h|                    <'h|}}\\
  x1F96 \Cases{ ᾖ \accpsiliperispomeni\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}   \~>\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}          \ux{\~>η\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>~h|                    >~h|}}\\
  x1F97 \Cases{ ᾗ \accdasiaperispomeni\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}   \~<\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}          \ux{\~<η\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<~h|                    <~h|}}\\
  x1F98 \Cases{ ᾘ \accpsili\textEta\ypogegrammeni{}               \>\textEta\ypogegrammeni{}          \ux{ \>Η\ypogegrammeni{} }{ \>H|                     >H|}}\\
  x1F99 \Cases{ ᾙ \accdasia\textEta\ypogegrammeni{}               \<\textEta\ypogegrammeni{}          \ux{ \<Η\ypogegrammeni{} }{ \<H|                     <H|}}\\
  x1F9A \Cases{ ᾚ \accpsilivaria\textEta\ypogegrammeni{}         \>`\textEta\ypogegrammeni{}          \ux{\>`Η\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>`H|                    >`H|}}\\
  x1F9B \Cases{ ᾛ \accdasiavaria\textEta\ypogegrammeni{}         \<`\textEta\ypogegrammeni{}          \ux{\<`Η\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<`H|                    <`H|}}\\
  x1F9C \Cases{ ᾜ \accpsilioxia\textEta\ypogegrammeni{}          \>'\textEta\ypogegrammeni{}          \ux{\>'Η\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>'H|                    >'H|}}\\
  x1F9D \Cases{ ᾝ \accdasiaoxia\textEta\ypogegrammeni{}          \<'\textEta\ypogegrammeni{}          \ux{\<'Η\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<'H|                    <'H|}}\\
  x1F9E \Cases{ ᾞ \accpsiliperispomeni\textEta\ypogegrammeni{}   \~>\textEta\ypogegrammeni{}          \ux{\~>Η\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>~H|                    >~H|}}\\
  x1F9F \Cases{ ᾟ \accdasiaperispomeni\textEta\ypogegrammeni{}   \~<\textEta\ypogegrammeni{}          \ux{\~<Η\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<~H|                    <~H|}}\\
                                                                                                                                                                \\
  x1FA0 \Cases{ ᾠ \accpsili\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}             \>\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{ \>ω\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>w|                      >w|}}\\
  x1FA1 \Cases{ ᾡ \accdasia\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}             \<\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{ \<ω\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<w|                      <w|}}\\
  x1FA2 \Cases{ ᾢ \accpsilivaria\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}       \>`\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\>`ω\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>`w|                    >`w|}}\\
  x1FA3 \Cases{ ᾣ \accdasiavaria\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}       \<`\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\<`ω\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<`w|                    <`w|}}\\
  x1FA4 \Cases{ ᾤ \accpsilioxia\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}        \>'\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\>'ω\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>'w|                    >'w|}}\\
  x1FA5 \Cases{ ᾦ \accdasiaoxia\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}        \<'\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\<'ω\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<'w|                    <'w|}}\\
  x1FA6 \Cases{ ᾧ \accpsiliperispomeni\textomega\ypogegrammeni{} \~>\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\~>ω\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>~w|                    >~w|}}\\
  x1FA7 \Cases{ ᾥ \accdasiaperispomeni\textomega\ypogegrammeni{} \~<\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\~<ω\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<~w|                    <~w|}}\\
  x1FA8 \Cases{ ᾨ \accpsili\textOmega\ypogegrammeni{}             \>\textOmega\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{ \>Ω\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>W|                      >W|}}\\
  x1FA9 \Cases{ ᾩ \accdasia\textOmega\ypogegrammeni{}             \<\textOmega\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{ \<Ω\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<W|                      <W|}}\\
  x1FAA \Cases{ ᾪ \accpsilivaria\textOmega\ypogegrammeni{}       \>`\textOmega\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\>`Ω\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>`W|                    >`W|}}\\
  x1FAB \Cases{ ᾫ \accdasiavaria\textOmega\ypogegrammeni{}       \<`\textOmega\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\<`Ω\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<`W|                    <`W|}}\\
  x1FAC \Cases{ ᾬ \accpsilioxia\textOmega\ypogegrammeni{}        \>'\textOmega\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\>'Ω\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>'W|                    >'W|}}\\
  x1FAD \Cases{ ᾭ \accdasiaoxia\textOmega\ypogegrammeni{}        \<'\textOmega\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\<'Ω\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<'W|                    <'W|}}\\
  x1FAE \Cases{ ᾮ \accpsiliperispomeni\textOmega\ypogegrammeni{} \~>\textOmega\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\~>Ω\ypogegrammeni{} }{\>~W|                    >~W|}}\\
  x1FAF \Cases{ ᾯ \accdasiaperispomeni\textOmega\ypogegrammeni{} \~<\textOmega\ypogegrammeni{}        \ux{\~<Ω\ypogegrammeni{} }{\<~W|                    <~W|}}\\
                                                                                                                                                                \\
  x1FB0 \Cases{ ᾰ \u\textalpha{}                                 \u\textalpha{}                       \ux{\u α                 }{\u a                         }}\\
  x1FB1 \Cases{ ᾱ \=\textalpha{}                                 \=\textalpha{}                       \ux{ \=α                 }{\=a                          }}\\
  x1FB2 \Cases{ ᾲ \accvaria\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}            \`\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}         \ux{ \`α\ypogegrammeni{} }{\`a|                      `a|}}\\
  x1FB3 \Cases{ ᾳ \textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}                       \textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}         \ux{   α\ypogegrammeni{} }{  a|                       a|}}\\
  x1FB4 \Cases{ ᾴ \accoxia\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}             \'\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}         \ux{ \'α\ypogegrammeni{} }{\'a|                      'a|}}\\
  x1FB6 \Cases{ ᾶ \accperispomeni\textalpha{}                    \~\textalpha{}                       \ux{ \~α                 }{\~a                       ~a }}\\
  x1FB7 \Cases{ ᾷ \accperispomeni\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}      \~\textalpha\ypogegrammeni{}         \ux{ \~α\ypogegrammeni{} }{\~a|                      ~a|}}\\
  x1FB8 \Cases{ Ᾰ \u\textAlpha{}                                 \u\textAlpha{}                       \ux{\u Α                 }{\u A                         }}\\
  x1FB9 \Cases{ Ᾱ \=\textAlpha{}                                 \=\textAlpha{}                       \ux{ \=Α                 }{\=A                          }}\\
  x1FBA \Cases{ Ὰ \accvaria\textAlpha{}                          \`\textAlpha{}                       \ux{ \`Α                 }{\`A                       `A }}\\
  x1FBB \Cases{ Ά \accoxia\textAlpha{}                           \'\textAlpha{}                       \ux{ \'Α                 }{\'A                       'A }}\\
  x1FBC \Cases{ ᾼ \textAlpha\ypogegrammeni{}                       \textAlpha\ypogegrammeni{}         \ux{   Α\ypogegrammeni{} }{  A|                       A|}}\\
  x1FBD \Cases{ ᾽ \accpsili{}                                    \>{}                                 \ux{                     }{                           > }}\\
  x1FBE \Cases{ ι \prosgegrammeni{}                              \prosgegrammeni{}                    \ux{ \prosgegrammeni{}   }{  |                        | }}\\
  x1FBF \Cases{ ᾿ \accpsili{}                                    \>{}                                 \ux{                     }{                           > }}\\
                                                                                                                                                                \\
  x1FC0 \Cases{ ῀ \accperispomeni{}                               \~{}                                \ux{                     }{                          ~  }}\\
  x1FC1 \Cases{ ῁ \accdialytikaperispomeni{}                     \"~{}  \~"{}   \"\~{} \~\"{}         \ux{                     }{                       ~" "~ }}\\
  x1FC2 \Cases{ ῂ \accvaria\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}              \`\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}           \ux{\`η\ypogegrammeni{}  }{\`h|                      `h|}}\\
  x1FC3 \Cases{ ῃ \texteta\ypogegrammeni{}                         \texteta\ypogegrammeni{}           \ux{  η\ypogegrammeni{}  }{h|                         h|}}\\
  x1FC4 \Cases{ ῄ \accoxia\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}               \'\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}           \ux{\'η\ypogegrammeni{}  }{\'h|                      'h|}}\\
  x1FC6 \Cases{ ῆ \accperispomeni\texteta{}                      \~\texteta{}                         \ux{\~η                  }{\~h                       ~h }}\\
  x1FC7 \Cases{ ῇ \accperispomeni\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}        \~\texteta\ypogegrammeni{}           \ux{\~η\ypogegrammeni{}  }{\~h|                      ~h|}}\\
  x1FC8 \Cases{ Ὲ \accvaria\textEpsilon{}                        \`\textEpsilon{}                     \ux{\`Ε                  }{\`E                       `E }}\\
  x1FC9 \Cases{ Έ \accoxia\textEpsilon{}                         \'\textEpsilon{}                     \ux{\'Ε                  }{\'E                       'E }}\\
  x1FCA \Cases{ Ὴ \accvaria\textEta{}                            \`\textEta{}                         \ux{\`Η                  }{\`H                       `H }}\\
  x1FCB \Cases{ Ή \accoxia\textEta{}                             \'\textEta{}                         \ux{\'Η                  }{\'H                       'H }}\\
  x1FCC \Cases{ ῌ \textEta\ypogegrammeni{}                         \textEta\ypogegrammeni{}           \ux{  Η\ypogegrammeni{}  }{H|                         H|}}\\
  x1FCD \Cases{ ῍ \accpsilivaria{}                               \>`{} \`>{}    \>\`{} \`\>{}         \ux{                     }{                          >` }}\\
  x1FCE \Cases{ ῎ \accpsilioxia{}                                \>'{} \'>{}    \>\'{} \'\>{}         \ux{                     }{                          >' }}\\
  x1FCF \Cases{ ῏ \accpsiliperispomeni{}                         \>~{} \~>{}    \>\~{} \~\>{}         \ux{                     }{                          ~> }}\\
                                                                                                                                                                \\
  x1FD0 \Cases{ ῐ \u\textiota{}                                  \u\textiota{}                        \ux{\u ι                 }{\u i                         }}\\
  x1FD1 \Cases{ ῑ \=\textiota{}                                  \=\textiota{}                        \ux{\=ι                  }{ \=i                         }}\\
  x1FD2 \Cases{ ῒ \accdialytikavaria\textiota{}                  \`"\textiota{} \`\"\textiota{}
                                                                 \"`\textiota{} \"\`\textiota{}       \ux{\`"ι \"`ι \`\"ι \"\`ι}{\`"i \"`i \`\"i \"\`i `"i "`i}}\\
  x1FD3 \Cases{ ΐ \accdialytikatonos\textiota{}                  \'"\textiota{} \'\"\textiota{}
                                                                 \"'\textiota{} \"\'\textiota{}       \ux{\'"ι \"'ι \'\"ι \"\'ι}{\'"i \"'i \'\"i \"\'i '"i "'i}}\\
  x1FD6 \Cases{ ῖ \accperispomeni\textiota{}                     \~\textiota{}                        \ux{ \~ι                 }{ \~i   ~i                    }}\\
  x1FD7 \Cases{ ῗ \accdialytikaperispomeni\textiota{}            \~"\textiota{} \~\"\textiota{}
                                                                 \"~\textiota{} \"\~\textiota{}       \ux{\~"ι \"~ι \~\"ι \"\~ι}{\~"i \"~i \~\"i \"\~i "~i ~"i}}\\
  x1FD8 \Cases{ Ῐ \u\textIota{}                                  \u\textIota{}                        \ux{\u Ι                 }{\u I                         }}\\
  x1FD9 \Cases{ Ῑ \=\textIota{}                                  \=\textIota{}                        \ux{ \=Ι                 }{ \=I                         }}\\
  x1FDA \Cases{ Ὶ \accvaria\textIota{}                           \`\textIota{}                        \ux{ \`Ι                 }{ \`I                       `I}}\\
  x1FDB \Cases{ Ί \accoxia\textIota{}                            \'\textIota{}                        \ux{ \'Ι                 }{ \'I                       'I}}\\
  x1FDD \Cases{ ῝ \accdasiavaria{}                               \<`{} \`<{}    \<\`{} \`\<{}         \ux{                     }{                           <`}}\\
  x1FDE \Cases{ ῞ \accdasiaoxia{}                                \<'{} \'<{}    \<\'{} \'\<{}         \ux{                     }{                           <'}}\\
  x1FDF \Cases{ ῟ \accdasiaperispomeni{}                         \<~{} \~<{}    \<\~{} \~\<{}         \ux{                     }{                           ~<}}\\
                                                                                                                                                                \\
  x1FE0 \Cases{ ῠ \u\textupsilon{}                               \u\textupsilon{}                     \ux{\u υ                 }{\u u                         }}\\
  x1FE1 \Cases{ ῡ \=\textupsilon{}                               \=\textupsilon{}                     \ux{\=υ                  }{ \=u                         }}\\
  x1FE2 \Cases{ ῢ \accdialytikavaria\textupsilon{}               \`"\textupsilon{} \`\"\textupsilon{}
                                                                 \"`\textupsilon{} \"\`\textupsilon{} \ux{\`"υ \"`υ \`\"υ \"\`υ}{\`"u \"`u \`\"u \"\`u `"u "`u}}\\
  x1FE3 \Cases{ ΰ \accdialytikatonos\textupsilon{}               \'"\textupsilon{} \'\"\textupsilon{}
                                                                 \"'\textupsilon{} \"\'\textupsilon{} \ux{\'"υ \"'υ \'\"υ \"\'υ}{\'"u \"'u \'\"u \"\'u '"u "'u}}\\
  x1FE4 \Cases{ ῤ \accpsili\textrho{}                             \>\textrho{}                        \ux{ \>ρ                 }{\>r                    >r    }}\\
  x1FE5 \Cases{ ῥ \accdasia\textrho{}                             \<\textrho{}                        \ux{ \<ρ                 }{\<r                    <r    }}\\
  x1FE6 \Cases{ ῦ \accperispomeni\textupsilon{}                   \~\textupsilon{}                    \ux{ \~υ                 }{\~u                    ~u    }}\\
  x1FE7 \Cases{ ῧ \accdialytikaperispomeni\textupsilon{}         \~"\textupsilon{} \~\"\textupsilon{}
                                                                 \"~\textupsilon{} \"\~\textupsilon{} \ux{\~"υ \"~υ \~\"υ \"\~υ}{\~"u \"~u \~\"u \"\~u ~"u "~u}}\\
  x1FE8 \Cases{ Ῠ \u\textUpsilon{}                                \u\textUpsilon{}                    \ux{\u Υ                 }{\u U                         }}\\
  x1FE9 \Cases{ Ῡ \=\textUpsilon{}                                \=\textUpsilon{}                    \ux{ \=Υ                 }{ \=U                         }}\\
  x1FEA \Cases{ Ὺ \accvaria\textUpsilon{}                         \`\textUpsilon{}                    \ux{ \`Υ                 }{ \`U                       `U}}\\
  x1FEB \Cases{ Ύ \accoxia\textUpsilon{}                          \'\textUpsilon{}                    \ux{ \'Υ                 }{ \'U                       'U}}\\
  x1FEC \Cases{ Ῥ \accdasia\textRho{}                             \<\textRho{}                        \ux{ \<Ρ                 }{ \<R                       <R}}\\
  x1FED \Cases{ ῭ \accdialytikavaria{}                           \`"{} \"`{} \`\"{} \"\`{}            \ux{                     }{                       "`  `"}}\\
  x1FEE \Cases{ ΅ \accdialytikatonos{}                           \'"{} \"'{} \'\"{} \"\'{}            \ux{                     }{                       '"  '"}}\\
  x1FEF \Cases{ ` \accvaria{}                                     \`{}                                \ux{                     }{                            `}}\\
                                                                                                                                                                \\
  x1FF2 \Cases{ ῲ \accvaria\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}            \`\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}         \ux{\`ω\ypogegrammeni{}  }{\`w|                      `w|}}\\
  x1FF3 \Cases{ ῳ \textomega\ypogegrammeni{}                       \textomega\ypogegrammeni{}         \ux{  ω\ypogegrammeni{}  }{  w|                       w|}}\\
  x1FF4 \Cases{ ῴ \accoxia\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}             \'\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}         \ux{\'ω\ypogegrammeni{}  }{\'w|                      'w|}}\\
  x1FF6 \Cases{ ῶ \accperispomeni\textomega{}                    \~\textomega{}                       \ux{\~ω                  }{\~w                       ~w }}\\
  x1FF7 \Cases{ ῷ \accperispomeni\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}      \~\textomega\ypogegrammeni{}         \ux{\~ω\ypogegrammeni{}  }{\~w|                      ~w|}}\\
  x1FF8 \Cases{ Ὸ \accvaria\textOmicron{}                        \`\textOmicron{}                     \ux{\`Ο                  }{\`O                       `O }}\\
  x1FF9 \Cases{ Ό \accoxia\textOmicron{}                         \'\textOmicron{}                     \ux{\'Ο                  }{\'O                       'O }}\\
  x1FFA \Cases{ Ὼ \accvaria\textOmega{}                          \`\textOmega{}                       \ux{\`Ω                  }{\`W                       `W }}\\
  x1FFB \Cases{ Ώ \accoxia\textOmega{}                           \'\textOmega{}                       \ux{\'Ω                  }{\'W                       'W }}\\
  x1FFC \Cases{ ῼ \textOmega\ypogegrammeni{}                     \textOmega\ypogegrammeni{}           \ux{  Ω\ypogegrammeni{}  }{  W|                       W|}}\\
  x1FFD \Cases{ ´ \accoxia{}                                     \'{}                                 \ux{                     }{                           ' }}\\
  x1FFE \Cases{ ῾ \accdasia{}                                    \<{}                                 \ux{                     }{                           < }}
\end{longtable}


\section{Discussion}

\subsection{Pre-composed vs. combining characters}

Under pdfTeX and XeTeX, all input variants select pre-composed characters
if possible (using the NFC
\href{https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15/}{Unicode normalization}
with XeTeX and ligature definitions in LGR fonts under pdfTeX).

The default LuaTeX renderer does no NFC normalization.
This leads to sub-optimal placement of diacritics with many fonts,
often resulting in illegible output.
NFC normalization for LuaTeX is provided by the \pkgref{uninormalize}
package and, alternatively, by the \emph{Harfbuzz} renderer that can be
selected with the \verb|[Renderer=Harfbuzz]| option of the \pkgref{fontspec}
font selection commands. This document uses the Harfbuzz renderer with LuaTeX.


\subsection{Case changing}

\subsubsection{Diacritics}

According to Greek typographical conventions, most\footnote{
  Exceptions are the diaeresis, the sub-iota, and the
  length markers macron (¯) and breve (˘).
  The length markers are used in dictionaries and textbooks but not
  part of the Greek orthography. There is no established practice
  regarding their handling in uppercase. LaTeX keeps them but the
  \href{https://icu.unicode.org/design/case/greek-upper}
  {Unicode reference implementation} drops them.
}
diacritics are dropped in UPPERCASE. Up to 2022, \cs{MakeUppercase}
dropped diacritics from Greek letters in any locale
(except for standard accent macros).

For \emph{literal characters}, the new \cs{MakeUppercase}
implementation follows the Unicode standard, where dropping diacritics is a
feature of the Greek locale (``el'').
However, \emph{accent macros} behave according to Greek typesetting
rules in \emph{all} locales (standard accent macros only in documents that
declare the Greek language with Babel).

\newcommand*{\sample}{\'a \`e  \"i \~o \'u}%
Since version 1.14, babel-greek maps standard accent macros
to ``capital'' versions to fix uppercasing accented Greek letters with the new
\cs{MakeUppercase}.
The default expansion ensures that accents are kept on Latin letters:
\sample{} → \MakeUppercase{\sample}.
It also works if the Language is set to Greek:
\TestUppercase{\ensureascii{\sample}}.
\ifdefined \UnicodeEncodingName
\else
  (Mind, that with 8-bit TeX Latin letters are interpreted as transliteration
   input and converted to Greek if not wrapped in \cs{ensureascii}:
   \TestUppercase{\sample}.)
\fi


\subsubsection{Sigma, final sigma, and ``autosigma'' \label{sec:sigma}}

There are two variants of the small letter \emph{sigma}.

Lowercasing a capital \ensuregreek{Σ} at the end of a word should print a
final sigma. This works as expected with 8-bit TeX and, since 2022, also
with Xe/LuaTeX and a literal Sigma: \ensuregreek{ΣΣ → \MakeLowercase{ΣΣ}}.
However, it fails with the \cs{textSigma} macro and Unicode fonts:
\ensuregreek{\textSigma\textSigma{} → \MakeLowercase{\textSigma\textSigma}}.

\ifdefined \UnicodeEncodingName
\else
  With 8-bit TeX, you can add a ZWNJ or use the \cs{noboundary} macro
  to prevent the conversion to a final sigma:
  \ensuregreek{\MakeLowercase{ΣΣ‌}}.
\fi


\subsubsection{The ``disjunctive eta''
  \ifx\captionsgreek\captionspolutonikogreek
    \emph{ἤ}
  \else
    \emph{ή}
  \fi (\emph{or})
}

In order to disambiguate the nominative feminine article η (ἡ) from the
conjunction ή (ἤ), the latter should keep an accent in uppercase.%
\footnote{\url{https://icu.unicode.org/design/case/greek-upper}}

\begin{itemize}
\item The \emph{feminine nominative singular article} in monotonic Greek is
  written as an Eta without any diacritics (η).
  In polytonic Greek, it takes a rough breathing (dasia, ἡ),
  eventually with an additional accent (ἥ or ἣ)\footnote{
    \label{foot:varia}
    The grave was originally written on all unaccented syllables.
    By the Byzantine period it was only used to replace the acute
    at the end of a word if another accented word follows immediately
    without punctuation.
    \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_diacritics}
  }
  to mark stress.

  Uppercasing should drop diacritics: \TestUppercase{ ἡ ἥ ἣ Ἡ Ἥ Ἣ } (OK).

\item The disjunctive eta (διαζευτικό ήτα)\footnote{
    \href{https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/\%E1\%BC\%A4}
         {https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ἤ}}
  can be translated as \emph{or}.
  In monotonic Greek, it is written with a tonos (ή), in
  polytonic Greek with a smooth breathing (psili) and either oxia (ἤ),
  varia (ἢ), or perispomeni (ἦ).

  Uppercase should keep an accent on the ``disjunctive eta''.

  % Considering the respective capital characters as well
  % makes the rule idempotent and provides for “or” in titlecase.
\end{itemize}
%
The 2022 MakeUppercase implements this rule for literal ή, ἢ, Ή, and Ἢ:
\begin{quotation}
  \TestUppercase{ ή ἢ ἤ ἦ Ή Ἢ Ἤ Ἦ }.
\end{quotation}
%
Diacritics are dropped from Eta if it is part of a word:
\begin{quotation}
  \TestUppercase{ήτοι, Ήτοι, επιταγή ἤτοι, Ἤτοι}.
\end{quotation}

\paragraph{TODO} (see also examples below)

\begin{itemize}

\item The ``disjunctive eta'' rule is well documented for monotonic Greek.
      There is no available source specifying it for polytonic Greek.

      The variants with oxia and perispomeni (ἤ, ἦ, Ἤ,
      and Ἦ) drop diacritics.

      By mistake, omission (in texts, the spelling variant ἢ is used in
      the majority of cases), or intent (is the accent required for
      disambiguation in use cases with oxia or perispomeni)?

\item The characters drop diacritics if followed by punctuation
      and at the end of embedded markup or the to-be-capitalized string:
      \TestUppercase{ή, Ή. ἢ; \emph{ή} Ἢ}

      Is the accent required if punctuation follows? (Punctuation may
      suffice for disambiguation as the feminine article is usually directly
      followed by a noun.)

      A trailing space helps: \TestUppercase{\emph{ή } ή }

\item Currently, this feature is not supported with LICR input.

\end{itemize}

\paragraph{Examples in ancient Greek}
(should be checked by a Greek linguist/typographer)

% from sites linked in
% https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=exact&lookup=h)/&lang=greek
% and http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G2228&t=KJV

\medskip\noindent
Psili and varia replaced with tonos:
\begin{quote}
  \TestUppercase{ἐλαφρότεροι ἢ ἀφνειότεροι}

  \TestUppercase{ἢ αὐτός}

  \TestUppercase{ἤκουσας ἢ οὐκ ἤκουσας ἢ κωφῇ λέγω; }
\end{quote}
Diacritics dropped from ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA (relevant? typos?):
\begin{quote}

  % https://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/luk/6/42/t_concif_979042
  \TestUppercase{ἤ πῶς δύνασαι λέγειν τῷ ἀδελφῷ …}

  % https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0155%3Abook%3DI%20Corinthians%3Achapter%3D15%3Averse%3D37
  % https://biblehub.com/texts/1_corinthians/15-37.htm
  \TestUppercase{εἰ τύχοι σίτου ἤ τινος τῶν λοιπῶν·}

  % https://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/act/24/11/t_concif_1042011
  ὅτι οὐ πλείους εἰσίν μοι ἡμέραι ἤ δεκαδύο,
\end{quote}
Diacritics dropped from ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI:
\begin{quote}

  \TestUppercase{ἢ δολιχὴ νοῦσος ἦ Ἄρτεμις ἰοχέαιρα … κατέπεφνεν; }

\end{quote}
Diacritics dropped before punctuation (may be OK):
\begin{quote}
  \TestUppercase{μὴ οὖν μεριμνήσητε λέγοντες, Τί φάγωμεν; ἤ, Τί πίωμεν;
                 ἤ, Τί περιβαλώμεθα;}
\end{quote}


\subsubsection{Case conversion if the locale is \emph{not} Greek}

Since 2022, \cs{MakeUppercase} keeps diacritics on Greek letters and uses
combining diacritical characters for characters that have no pre-composed
uppercase equivalent.

With Xe/LuaTeX, the result may be illegible due to overlapping diacritics.
With pdfTeX, this led to compiling errors.
This is fixed in \emph{greek-fontenc} 2.3. by mapping the affected
characters to macro representations before case conversions
(requires the 2023 LaTeX release).
Consequently, with pdfTeX, diacritics are dropped from literal characters
without pre-composed uppercase equivalent also if the text language is
\emph{not} Greek.

\renewcommand*{\sample}{ΐΰὐὒὔὖᾶᾷῆῇῒΐῖῗῢΰῤῦῧῶῷ}
\sample → \MakeUppercase{\sample}


\subsubsection{PDF strings}

MakeUppercase in PDF strings led to compiling errors until 2022.

\ifdefined \AddToNoCaseChangeList % introduced with 2022 \MakeUppercase
  Check the table of contents in the side-bar of a PDF viewer.

  \subsubsection{\TestUppercase{
        ῒ \accdialytikavaria{\textiota}
        \"`{\textiota}\"\`{\textiota}\`"{\textiota}\`\"{\textiota}
        \ux{\accdialytikavaria ι \`"ι \"`ι \`\"ι \"\`ι}
           {\accdialytikavaria i \`"i \"`i \`\"i \"\`i}}}

  \subsubsection{\TestUppercase{
        ῢ \accdialytikavaria{\textupsilon}
        \"`{\textupsilon}\"\`{\textupsilon}\`"{\textupsilon}\`\"{\textupsilon}
        \ux{\accdialytikavaria υ \`"υ \"`υ \`\"υ \"\`υ}
           {\accdialytikavaria u \`"u \"`u \`\"u \"\`u}}}
  \subsubsection{\TestUppercase{
        ΐ \accdialytikaoxia\textiota{}
        \"'{\textiota}\"\'{\textiota}\'"{\textiota}\'\"{\textiota}
        \ux{\accdialytikaoxia ι \'"ι \"'ι \'\"ι \"\'ι}
           {\accdialytikaoxia i \'"i \"'i \'\"i \"\'i}}}
  \subsubsection{\TestUppercase{
        ΰ \accdialytikaoxia\textupsilon{}
        \"'{\textupsilon}\"\'{\textupsilon}\'"{\textupsilon}\'\"{\textupsilon}
        \ux{\accdialytikaoxia υ \'"υ \"'υ \'\"υ \"\'υ}
           {\accdialytikaoxia u \'"u \"'u \'\"u \"\'u}}}
  \subsubsection{\TestUppercase{ἢ ἣ ἤ ἥ ἦ ἧ Ἠ Ἡ Ἢ Ἣ}}
\fi

\ux{}{Transliteration input stays Latin in PDF strings.}

Diacritics are not dropped from literal characters in text, ToC but not
PDF sidebar ToC, if the language switch is inside the \cs{section} command.
(It works if the language is switched before the section command.)

See \href{hyperref-with-greek.pdf}{hyperref-with-greek.pdf} for a
comprehensive test.


\subsection{Symbol variants}

For several Greek letters, there are alternative glyphs which may
have a different semantic in a mathe­matical context.
Unicode reserves code points for the alternative glyphs
(naming them SYMBOL as opposed to LETTER).
Some of these symbols are available as \cs{var<name>} macros in TeX's
mathematical mode.

In text, the alternative glyphs are considered typographical variants
without special meaning. The 8-bit LGR font encoding does not allocate
code points for them. \emph{Babel-greek} and the \emph{%
\href{http://mirrors.ctan.org/language/greek/greek-fontenc/textalpha-doc.pdf}
{textalpha}} package provide the \texttt{normalize-symbols} option
(ignored with Xe/LuaTeX) that is also used in this test document.

\smallskip\noindent
Test the handling of symbol variants in text

literal letter, LICR, \cs{var<name>}, \cs{<name>symbol}, literal symbol:

\newcommand{\symbolvariants}{
  β\textbeta    \textvarbeta    \textbetasymbol    ϐ
  ε\textepsilon \textvarepsilon \textepsilonsymbol ϵ
  θ\texttheta   \textvartheta   \textthetasymbol   ϑ
  Θ\textTheta   \textvarTheta   \textThetasymbol   ϴ
  κ\textkappa   \textvarkappa   \textkappasymbol   ϰ
  π\textpi      \textvarpi      \textpisymbol      ϖ
  ρ\textrho     \textvarrho     \textrhosymbol     ϱ
  φ\textphi     \textvarphi     \textphisymbol     ϕ
}

\noindent
No case change
\begin{quote}
  \Greek{\symbolvariants}
\end{quote}
%
MakeUppercase selects the matching capital letter:

\begin{center}
  \Greek{\MakeUppercase{\symbolvariants}}
\end{center}

\noindent
MakeLowercase selects the lowercase letter (not the symbol):
\begin{quote}
 \Greek{
  \MakeLowercase{\textBeta Β \textEpsilon Ε
                  \textTheta Θ \textThetasymbol \textvarTheta ϴ
                  \textKappa Κ \textPi Π \textRho Ρ \textPhi Φ}}.
\end{quote}
LGR provides two lowercase variants of the archaic letter \emph{stigma}.
Both map to GREEK LETTER STIGMA \ensuregreek{Ϛ}.

The lowercase of \ensuregreek{Ϛ} is \ensuregreek{\MakeLowercase{Ϛ}}
(\verb|\textstigma|), not \verb|\textvarstigma|%
\ifdefined \UnicodeEncodingName \else
  (\ensuregreek\textvarstigma)%
\fi .


\subsection{Hiatus}

Tonos and psili mark a \emph{hiatus} (break-up) if placed on
the first of two vowels that would otherwise form a diphthong.
A dialytika must be placed on the second vowel if they are dropped:

\begin{quote}
  \TestUppercase{άι άυ έι ἄι ἄυ ἔι ἀυ} (literal)

  \TestUppercase{\acctonos\textalpha\textiota{}
                 \acctonos\textalpha\textupsilon{}
                 \acctonos\textepsilon\textiota{}
                 \accpsilioxia\textalpha\textiota{}
                 \accpsilioxia\textalpha\textupsilon{}
                 \accpsilioxia\textepsilon\textiota{}
                 \accpsili\textalpha\textupsilon{}
                 } (named+LICR)

  \TestUppercase{\'\textalpha\textiota{}     \'\textalpha\textupsilon{}
                 \'\textepsilon\textiota{}   \>'\textalpha\textiota{}
                 \>'\textalpha\textupsilon{} \>'\textepsilon\textiota{}
                 \>\textalpha\textupsilon{}
                 } (short+LICR)

  \TestUppercase{\ux{\'αι \'αυ \'ει \>'αι \>'αυ \>'ει \>αυ}
                    {\'ai \'au \'ei \>'ai \>'au \>'ei \>au}
                 } (short+\ux{literal}{transliteration})

  \TestUppercase{\ux{\'\>αι \'\>αυ \'\>ει}
                    {\'\>ai \'\>au \'\>ei}
                 } (short+\ux{literal}{transliteration}, reversed)
\end{quote}
The ``hiatus feature'' does not work with the LGR ``input ligatures''.
Support for monotonic literal characters came with the 2022
\cs{MakeUppercase} implementation changes.
Since 2023 it also works with polytonic literals (\TestUppercase{ἀυπνία}).

% Very occasionally, one will see "internal breathings" in transliterations of
% foreign names, e.g., \TestUppercase{Ἀβραἅμ} for Abraham.

% The remainder is only relevant with 8-bit TeX:
\ux{\end{document}}{}

Test the auto-hiatus feature for side-effects:

\Greek{\MakeUppercase{\'α β}} (must keep space after Α).

Kerning (compare with source):
\newcommand*\md{\textcompwordmark}
\newcommand*\MU{\MakeUppercase}

\begin{quote}
  \selectlanguage{greek}
  \raggedright
    \md \MU{ AO    AY    AI    AU    RA    OA    UA    DU}    [ \\
  \<\md \MU{ \<AO  \<AY  \<AI  \<AU  \<RA  \<OA  U\<A  D\<U}  [ \\
  \>\md \MU{ \>AO  \>AY  \>AI  \>AU  \>RA  \>OA  U\>A  D\>U}  [ \\
  \>'\md\MU{ \>'AO \>'AY \>'AI \>'AU \>'RA \>'OA U\>'A D\>'U} [ \\
  \'\md \MU{ \'AO  \'AY  \'AI  \'AU  \'RA  \'OA  U\'A  D\'U}  [ \\
  \>`\md\MU{ \>`AO \>`AY \>`AI \>`AU \>`RA \>`OA U\>`A D\>`U} [ \\
  \<'\md\MU{ \<'AO \<'AY \<'AI \<'AU \<'RA \<'OA U\<'A D\<'U} [ \\
  \`\md \MU{ \`AO  \`AY  \`AI  \`AU  \`RA  \`OA  U\`A  D\`U}  [ \\
  \<`\md\MU{ \<`AO \<`AY \<`AI \<`AU \<`RA \<`OA U\<`A D\<`U} [ \\
  \~\md \MU{ \~AO  \~AY  \~AI  \~AU  \~RA  \~OA  U\~A  D\~U}  [ \\
  \~>\md\MU{ \~>AO \~>AY \~>AI \~>AU \~>RA \~>OA U\~>A D\~>U} [ \\
  \~<\md\MU{ \~<AO \~<AY \~<AI \~<AU \~<RA \~<OA U\~<A D\~<U} [ \\
  \~<\md\MU{ \~<ao \~<ay \~<ai \~<au \~<ra \~<oa u\~<a d\~<u} [ \\
  \"\md \MU{ AO    AY    A\"I  A\"U  RA    OA    \"UA  DU}    [ \\
  % Like in any font encoding, there is no kerning for
  % non-defined accent-letter-combinations (dialytica on \Greek{A O D}).
  % \"\md \MU{ \"AO  \"AY  \"AI  \"AU  \"RA  \"OA  U\"A  D\"U}  [ \\
  % \"~\md\MU{ \~"AO \~"AY \~"AI \~"AU \~"RA \~"OA U\~"A D\~"U} [ \\
\end{quote}

Rows 3 \ldots 7: Look-ahead (to check for a hiatus) breaks kerning before
`A' with tonos or psili.

% \'AA \'AB \'AG \'AD \'AE \'AZ \'AH \'AJ \'AI \'AK \'AL \'AM \'AN \'AX
% \'AO \'AP \'AR \'AS \'AC \'AT \'AU \'AF \'AQ \'AY \'AW

Lowercasing should keep diacritics (of course, it cannot regenerate
``manually" drop­ped ones):
\Greek{'A \"I \"U \~<A $\mapsto$ \MakeLowercase{\'A \"I \"U \~<A}}.


\subsection{Problems with the Latin transliteration}

\begin{itemize}
\item
  With monotonic Greek or if \cs{greekfontencoding} is not LGR, the
  tilde \verb|~| keeps its default expansion as no-break space (NBSP) and
  transliterations involving \verb|~| fail.
  If the \texttt{greek} language is loaded with Babel, the tilde accent
  \verb|\~| as well as combined accents involving the tilde work in all
  language variants.

\item
  In order to drop accents from input using the Latin transliteration, the
  characters ', `, \~{}, <, and > are suppressed in uppercase. This affects
  other uses of these characters:
  \begin{quote}
    \TestUppercase{\lgrfont{(( ` ' ~ < > ))}}\qquad
    \TestUppercase{\lgrfont{``x''}}
  \end{quote}
  Workaround: use literal typographical quote characters or ``french'' quotes:
  \begin{quote}
    \TestUppercase{\lgrfont{‘x’}} \qquad
    \TestUppercase{\lgrfont{((x))}}
  \end{quote}
  To keep side-effects to a minimum, breathings, combined accents and
  varia are dropped only with the language variants \emph{polutoniko}
  or \emph{ancient} as they are not required with monotonic Greek
  (the current language variant is \GreekLanguageVariant).

\item
  The uppercase of spacing composite diacritics including
  a dialytika \verb|"~ "` "'| appears as apostrophe, as a single \verb|"|
  stands for an apostrophe in the LGR transliteration if followed by a
  space or empty character.
\end{itemize}

\end{document}
