








                       EExx RReeffeerreennccee MMaannuuaall
                           VVeerrssiioonn 33..77


                           _W_i_l_l_i_a_m _J_o_y
                           _M_a_r_k _H_o_r_t_o_n
                    Computer Science Division
    Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
               University of California, Berkeley
                      Berkeley, Ca.  94720


                            _A_B_S_T_R_A_C_T

          _E_x  a  line  oriented  text editor, which supports
     both command and display oriented editing.  This refer-
     ence  manual describes the command oriented part of _e_x_;
     the display editing features of _e_x are described in  _A_n
     _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n  _t_o  _D_i_s_p_l_a_y _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _w_i_t_h _V_i_.  Other docu-
     ments about the editor include the introduction _E_d_i_t_: _A
     _t_u_t_o_r_i_a_l,  the  _E_x_/_e_d_i_t _C_o_m_m_a_n_d _S_u_m_m_a_r_y, and a _V_i _Q_u_i_c_k
     _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e card.


11..  SSttaarrttiinngg eexx

     Each instance of the editor has a set of options, which  can
be  set  to tailor it to your liking.  The command _e_d_i_t invokes a
version of _e_x designed for more  casual  or  beginning  users  by
changing  the default settings of some of these options.  To sim-
plify the description which follows we assume  the  default  set-
tings of the options.

     When  invoked, _e_x determines the terminal type from the TERM
variable in the environment.  It there is a TERMCAP  variable  in
the  environment,  and  the  type of the terminal described there
matches the TERM variable, then that description is  used.   Also
if  the TERMCAP variable contains a pathname (beginning with a //)
then the editor will seek the description of the terminal in that
file (rather than the default /etc/termcap).  If there is a vari-
able EXINIT in the environment, then the editor will execute  the
commands  in that variable, otherwise if there is a file _._e_x_r_c in
your HOME directory _e_x reads commands from that file,  simulating
a  _s_o_u_r_c_e  command.   Option setting commands placed in EXINIT or
_._e_x_r_c will be executed before each editor session.


-----------
The financial support of  an  IBM  Graduate  Fellowship  and  the
National  Science  Foundation  under  grants  MCS74-07644-A03 and
MCS78-07291 is gratefully acknowledged.









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     A command to enter _e_x has the following prototype:[+]

     eexx [ -- ] [ --vv ] [ --tt _t_a_g ] [ --rr ] [ --ll ] [ --ww_n ] [ --xx ] [ --RR ] [ ++_c_o_m_m_a_n_d ] name ...

The most common case edits a single file with no options, i.e.:

     eexx name

The -- command line option option suppresses all  interactive-user
feedback  and  is  useful in processing editor scripts in command
files.  The --vv option is equivalent to using _v_i rather  than  _e_x_.
The  --tt  option  is equivalent to an initial _t_a_g command, editing
the file containing the _t_a_g and positioning  the  editor  at  its
definition.   The --rr option is used in recovering after an editor
or system crash, retrieving the last saved version of  the  named
file  or,  if no file is specified, typing a list of saved files.
The --ll option sets up for editing LISP, setting the _s_h_o_w_m_a_t_c_h and
_l_i_s_p  options.   The --ww option sets the default window size to _n_,
and is useful on dialups to  start  in  small  windows.   The  --xx
option  causes  _e_x  to prompt for a _k_e_y, which is used to encrypt
and decrypt the contents of the file,  which  should  already  be
encrypted  using  the same key, see _c_r_y_p_t(1).  The --RR option sets
the _r_e_a_d_o_n_l_y option at the start.  _N_a_m_e arguments indicate  files
to  be  edited.   An argument of the form ++_c_o_m_m_a_n_d indicates that
the editor should begin by executing the specified  command.   If
_c_o_m_m_a_n_d  is  omitted,  then it defaults to ``$'', positioning the
editor at the last line of the first file initially.  Other  use-
ful  commands  here are scanning patterns of the form ``/pat'' or
line numbers, e.g. ``+100'' starting at line 100.

22..  FFiillee mmaanniippuullaattiioonn

22..11..  CCuurrrreenntt ffiillee

     _E_x is normally editing the contents of a single file,  whose
name is recorded in the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t file name.  _E_x performs all edit-
ing actions in a buffer (actually a temporary  file)  into  which
the  text  of  the  file  is initially read.  Changes made to the
buffer have no effect on the file being edited unless  and  until
the buffer contents are written out to the file with a _w_r_i_t_e com-
mand.  After the buffer contents are written, the  previous  con-
tents  of the written file are no longer accessible.  When a file
is edited, its name becomes the current file name, and  its  con-
tents are read into the buffer.

     The  current  file is almost always considered to be _e_d_i_t_e_d_.
This means that the contents of the  buffer  are  logically  con-
nected  with  the  current file name, so that writing the current
buffer contents onto that file, even if it exists, is  a  reason-
able  action.  If the current file is not _e_d_i_t_e_d then _e_x will not
normally write on it if it already exists.*
-----------
[+] Brackets `[' `]' surround optional parameters here.
* The _f_i_l_e command will say ``[Not edited]'' if the current  file









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22..22..  AAlltteerrnnaattee ffiillee

     Each time a new value is given to the current file name, the
previous current file name is saved as the _a_l_t_e_r_n_a_t_e  file  name.
Similarly  if a file is mentioned but does not become the current
file, it is saved as the alternate file name.

22..33..  FFiilleennaammee eexxppaannssiioonn

     Filenames within the editor may be specified using the  nor-
mal  shell expansion conventions.  In addition, the character `%'
in filenames is replaced by the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t file name and the charac-
ter `#' by the _a_l_t_e_r_n_a_t_e file name.[+]

22..44..  MMuullttiippllee ffiilleess aanndd nnaammeedd bbuuffffeerrss

     If more than one file is given on the command line, then the
first file is edited as described above.  The remaining arguments
are placed with the first file in the _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t _l_i_s_t_.  The current
argument  list  may be displayed with the _a_r_g_s command.  The next
file in the argument list may be edited with  the  _n_e_x_t  command.
The argument list may also be respecified by specifying a list of
names to the _n_e_x_t command.  These names are expanded, the result-
ing list of names becomes the new argument list, and _e_x edits the
first file on the list.

     For saving blocks of text while editing, and especially when
editing  more  than  one  file,  _e_x has a group of named buffers.
These are similar to the normal buffer, except that only  a  lim-
ited  number  of  operations  are available on them.  The buffers
have names _a through _z_._[_+_+_]

22..55..  RReeaadd oonnllyy

     It is possible to use _e_x in _r_e_a_d _o_n_l_y mode to look at  files
that  you have no intention of modifying.  This mode protects you
from accidently overwriting the file.  Read only mode is on  when
the _r_e_a_d_o_n_l_y option is set.  It can be turned on with the --RR com-
mand line option, by the _v_i_e_w command line invocation, or by set-
ting  the  _r_e_a_d_o_n_l_y option.  It can be cleared by setting _n_o_r_e_a_d_-
_o_n_l_y.  It is possible to write, even while in read only mode,  by
indicating  that  you  really  know  what you are doing.  You can
write to a different file, or can use the ! form of  write,  even
while in read only mode.

-----------
is not considered edited.
[+]  This  makes  it  easy to deal alternately with two files and
eliminates the need for retyping the name  supplied  on  an  _e_d_i_t
command  after  a  _N_o  _w_r_i_t_e  _s_i_n_c_e  _l_a_s_t  _c_h_a_n_g_e  diagnostic  is
received.
[++] It is also possible to refer to _A through _Z_; the upper  case
buffers  are  the  same as the lower but commands append to named
buffers rather than replacing if upper case names are used.









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33..  EExxcceeppttiioonnaall CCoonnddiittiioonnss

33..11..  EErrrroorrss aanndd iinntteerrrruuppttss

     When  errors  occur  _e_x (optionally) rings the terminal bell
and, in any case, prints an error  diagnostic.   If  the  primary
input  is  from  a file, editor processing will terminate.  If an
interrupt signal is received, _e_x prints ``Interrupt'' and returns
to  its  command  level.  If the primary input is a file, then _e_x
will exit when this occurs.

33..22..  RReeccoovveerriinngg ffrroomm hhaanngguuppss aanndd ccrraasshheess

     If a hangup signal is received and the buffer has been modi-
fied  since  it  was  last written out, or if the system crashes,
either the editor (in the first case) or  the  system  (after  it
reboots  in the second) will attempt to preserve the buffer.  The
next time you log in you should be able to recover the  work  you
were  doing,  losing at most a few lines of changes from the last
point before the hangup or editor crash.  To recover a  file  you
can use the --rr option.  If you were editing the file _r_e_s_u_m_e_, then
you should change to the directory where you were when the  crash
occurred, giving the command

     eexx --rr _r_e_s_u_m_e

After  checking  that  the  retrieved  file is indeed ok, you can
_w_r_i_t_e it over the previous contents of that file.

     You will normally get mail from the system telling you  when
a file has been saved after a crash.  The command

     eexx -rr

will  print  a  list  of the files which have been saved for you.
(In the case of a hangup, the file will not appear in  the  list,
although it can be recovered.)

44..  EEddiittiinngg mmooddeess

     _E_x  has  five  distinct  modes.  The primary mode is _c_o_m_m_a_n_d
mode.  Commands are entered in command mode when a `:' prompt  is
present,  and are executed each time a complete line is sent.  In
_t_e_x_t _i_n_p_u_t mode _e_x gathers input lines and  places  them  in  the
file.   The  _a_p_p_e_n_d_,  _i_n_s_e_r_t_,  and _c_h_a_n_g_e commands use text input
mode.  No prompt is printed when you  are  in  text  input  mode.
This  mode  is  left  by typing a `.' alone at the beginning of a
line, and _c_o_m_m_a_n_d mode resumes.

     The last three modes are _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l modes,  entered  by
the  commands of the same name, and, within open and visual modes
_t_e_x_t _i_n_s_e_r_t_i_o_n mode.  _O_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l modes allow  local  editing
operations  to  be  performed  on the text in the file.  The _o_p_e_n
command displays one line at a time on any terminal while  _v_i_s_u_a_l









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works on CRT terminals with random positioning cursors, using the
screen as a (single) window  for  file  editing  changes.   These
modes  are described (only) in _A_n _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _t_o _D_i_s_p_l_a_y _E_d_i_t_i_n_g
_w_i_t_h _V_i_.

55..  CCoommmmaanndd ssttrruuccttuurree

     Most command names are English words, and  initial  prefixes
of  the  words  are  acceptable  abbreviations.  The ambiguity of
abbreviations is resolved in favor of the more commonly used com-
mands.*

55..11..  CCoommmmaanndd ppaarraammeetteerrss

     Most  commands  accept prefix addresses specifying the lines
in the file upon which they are to have  effect.   The  forms  of
these  addresses  will  be discussed below.  A number of commands
also may take a trailing _c_o_u_n_t specifying the number of lines  to
be  involved  in  the  command.[+]  Thus the command ``10p'' will
print the tenth line in the buffer while ``delete 5'' will delete
five lines from the buffer, starting with the current line.

     Some  commands  take  other  information or parameters, this
information always being given after the command name.[++]

55..22..  CCoommmmaanndd vvaarriiaannttss

     A  number of commands have two distinct variants.  The vari-
ant form of the command is invoked by placing an `!'  immediately
after the command name.  Some of the default variants may be con-
trolled by options; in this case, the `!' serves  to  toggle  the
default.

55..33..  FFllaaggss aafftteerr ccoommmmaannddss

     The  characters  `#',  `p'  and `l' may be placed after many
commands.**  In this case, the command abbreviated by these char-
acters is executed after the command completes.   Since  _e_x  nor-
mally  prints  the  new  current  line  after each change, `p' is
rarely necessary.  Any number of `+' or `-' characters  may  also
be  given with these flags.  If they appear, the specified offset
is applied to the current line value before the printing  command
is executed.
-----------
*  As  an  example, the command _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e can be abbreviated `s'
while the shortest available abbreviation for the _s_e_t command  is
`se'.
[+] Counts are rounded down if necessary.
[++] Examples would be option names in a _s_e_t command  i.e.  ``set
number'', a file name in an _e_d_i_t command, a regular expression in
a _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e command, or a target address  for  a  _c_o_p_y  command,
i.e. ``1,5 copy 25''.
** A `p' or `l' must be preceded by a blank or tab except in  the
single special case `dp'.









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55..44..  CCoommmmeennttss

     It  is  possible  to give editor commands which are ignored.
This is useful when making complex editor scripts for which  com-
ments are desired.  The comment character is the double quote: ".
Any command line beginning with " is ignored.  Comments beginning
with  "  may  also  be  placed at the ends of commands, except in
cases where they could be confused as part of text (shell escapes
and the substitute and map commands).

55..55..  MMuullttiippllee ccoommmmaannddss ppeerr lliinnee

     More  than one command may be placed on a line by separating
each pair of commands by a `|'  character.   However  the  _g_l_o_b_a_l
commands,  comments,  and  the shell escape `!'  must be the last
command on a line, as they are not terminated by a `|'.

55..66..  RReeppoorrttiinngg llaarrggee cchhaannggeess

     Most commands which change the contents of the editor buffer
give  feedback  if  the  scope  of the change exceeds a threshold
given by the _r_e_p_o_r_t option.  This feedback helps to detect  unde-
sirably  large  changes  so  that  they may be quickly and easily
reversed with an _u_n_d_o_.  After commands with  more  global  effect
such  as _g_l_o_b_a_l or _v_i_s_u_a_l_, you will be informed if the net change
in the number of lines in the buffer during this command  exceeds
this threshold.

66..  CCoommmmaanndd aaddddrreessssiinngg

66..11..  AAddddrreessssiinngg pprriimmiittiivveess

..                   The  current  line.   Most commands leave the
                    current line as  the  last  line  which  they
                    affect.   The  default  address for most com-
                    mands is the current line, thus `..' is rarely
                    used alone as an address.

_n                   The  _nth  line  in the editor's buffer, lines
                    being numbered sequentially from 1.

$$                   The last line in the buffer.

%%                   An  abbreviation  for  ``1,$'',  the   entire
                    buffer.

_+_n _-_n               An  offset  relative  to  the  current buffer
                    line.[+]

//_p_a_t// ??_p_a_t??         Scan  forward and backward respectively for a
                    line containing _p_a_t, a regular expression (as
-----------
[+] The forms `.+3' `+3' and `+++' are  all  equivalent;  if  the
current line is line 100 they all address line 103.









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                    defined  below).   The  scans  normally  wrap
                    around the end of the buffer.  If all that is
                    desired  is to print the next line containing
                    _p_a_t, then the trailing // or ?? may be omitted.
                    If  _p_a_t  is omitted or explicitly empty, then
                    the  last  regular  expression  specified  is
                    located.[++]

'''' ''_x               Before  each  non-relative motion of the cur-
                    rent line `..', the previous current  line  is
                    marked  with  a tag, subsequently referred to
                    as `'''.  This makes  it  easy  to  refer  or
                    return  to  this previous context.  Marks may
                    also be  established  by  the  _m_a_r_k  command,
                    using  single  lower  case  letters _x and the
                    marked lines referred to as `'_x'.

66..22..  CCoommbbiinniinngg aaddddrreessssiinngg pprriimmiittiivveess

     Addresses to commands consist  of  a  series  of  addressing
primitives,  separated  by  `,'  or  `;'.  Such address lists are
evaluated left-to-right.  When addresses are separated by `;' the
current  line `..'  is set to the value of the previous addressing
expression before the  next  address  is  interpreted.   If  more
addresses  are  given than the command requires, then all but the
last one or two are ignored.  If the command takes two addresses,
the   first  addressed  line  must  precede  the  second  in  the
buffer.[+]

77..  CCoommmmaanndd ddeessccrriippttiioonnss

     The following form is a prototype for all _e_x commands:

     _a_d_d_r_e_s_s ccoommmmaanndd _! _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r_s _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s

All  parts are optional; the degenerate case is the empty command
which prints the next line in the file.  For sanity with use from
within _v_i_s_u_a_l mode, _e_x ignores a ``:'' preceding any command.

     In the following command descriptions, the default addresses
are shown in parentheses, which are _n_o_t_,  however,  part  of  the
command.




-----------
[++]  The  forms \\// and \\?? scan using the last regular expression
used in a scan; after a substitute //// and ???? would scan using the
substitute's regular expression.
[+] Null address  specifications  are  permitted  in  a  list  of
addresses, the default in this case is the current line `.'; thus
`,100' is equivalent to `..,100'.  It is an error to give a prefix
address to a command which expects none.









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aabbbbrreevviiaattee _w_o_r_d _r_h_s                     abbr: aabb

     Add  the  named  abbreviation  to the current list.  When in
     input mode in visual, if _w_o_r_d is typed as a  complete  word,
     it will be changed to _r_h_s.


( .. ) aappppeenndd                            abbr: aa
_t_e_x_t
..

     Reads the input text and places it after the specified line.
     After the command, `..'  addresses the last line input or the
     specified  line  if  no lines were input.  If address `0' is
     given, text is placed at the beginning of the buffer.


aa!!
_t_e_x_t
..

     The variant flag to  _a_p_p_e_n_d  toggles  the  setting  for  the
     _a_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t option during the input of _t_e_x_t_.


aarrggss

     The  members of the argument list are printed, with the cur-
     rent argument delimited by `[' and `]'.


( .. , .. ) cchhaannggee _c_o_u_n_t                  abbr: cc
_t_e_x_t
..

     Replaces the specified lines with the input _t_e_x_t.  The  cur-
     rent  line  becomes  the  last  line input; if no lines were
     input it is left as for a _d_e_l_e_t_e.


cc!!
_t_e_x_t
..

     The variant toggles _a_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t during the _c_h_a_n_g_e_.


( .. , .. )ccooppyy _a_d_d_r _f_l_a_g_s                abbr: ccoo

     A _c_o_p_y of the specified lines is placed  after  _a_d_d_r_,  which
     may  be  `0'.  The current line `..'  addresses the last line
     of the copy.  The command _t is a synonym for _c_o_p_y_.











Ex Reference Manual                                      USD:12-9


( .. , .. )ddeelleettee _b_u_f_f_e_r _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s      abbr: dd

     Removes the specified lines from the buffer.  The line after
     the last line deleted becomes the current line; if the lines
     deleted were originally  at  the  end,  the  new  last  line
     becomes the current line.  If a named _b_u_f_f_e_r is specified by
     giving a letter, then the specified lines are saved in  that
     buffer, or appended to it if an upper case letter is used.


eeddiitt _f_i_l_e                               abbr: ee
eexx _f_i_l_e

     Used  to begin an editing session on a new file.  The editor
     first checks to see if the buffer has  been  modified  since
     the  last _w_r_i_t_e command was issued.  If it has been, a warn-
     ing is issued and the command is aborted.  The command  oth-
     erwise  deletes  the  entire  contents of the editor buffer,
     makes the named file the current file  and  prints  the  new
     filename.  After insuring that this file is sensible[+]  the
     editor reads the file into its buffer.

     If  the read of the file completes without error, the number
     of lines and characters read is typed.  If  there  were  any
     non-ASCII  characters in the file they are stripped of their
     non-ASCII high bits, and any null characters in the file are
     discarded.   If  none  of these errors occurred, the file is
     considered _e_d_i_t_e_d_.  If the last line of the  input  file  is
     missing  the trailing newline character, it will be supplied
     and a complaint will be issued.   This  command  leaves  the
     current line `..' at the last line read.[++]


ee!! _f_i_l_e

     The variant form suppresses the  complaint  about  modifica-
     tions  having  been  made  and  not  written from the editor
     buffer, thus discarding all changes  which  have  been  made
     before editing the new file.


ee ++_n _f_i_l_e

     Causes the editor to begin at line _n rather than at the last
     line; _n may also be an editor command containing no  spaces,
     e.g.: ``+/pat''.


-----------
[+]  I.e.,  that  it  is not a binary file such as a directory, a
block or character special file other than _/_d_e_v_/_t_t_y_, a  terminal,
or  a binary or executable file (as indicated by the first word).
[++]  If executed from within _o_p_e_n or _v_i_s_u_a_l_, the current line is
initially the first line of the file.









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ffiillee                                    abbr: ff

     Prints  the  current  file name, whether it has been `[Modi-
     fied]' since the last _w_r_i_t_e  command,  whether  it  is  _r_e_a_d
     _o_n_l_y,  the  current line, the number of lines in the buffer,
     and the percentage of the way through the buffer of the cur-
     rent line.*


ffiillee _f_i_l_e

     The current file name is changed to _f_i_l_e which is considered
     `[Not edited]'.


( 1 , $ ) gglloobbaall /_p_a_t/ _c_m_d_s             abbr: gg

     First  marks  each  line among those specified which matches
     the given regular expression.  Then the given  command  list
     is executed with `..' initially set to each marked line.

     The  command  list consists of the remaining commands on the
     current input line and may continue  to  multiple  lines  by
     ending  all but the last such line with a `\'.  If _c_m_d_s (and
     possibly the trailing // delimiter)  is  omitted,  each  line
     matching  _p_a_t  is  printed.  _A_p_p_e_n_d_, _i_n_s_e_r_t_, and _c_h_a_n_g_e com-
     mands and associated input are permitted; the `..'  terminat-
     ing  input may be omitted if it would be on the last line of
     the command list.  _O_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l commands are permitted in
     the command list and take input from the terminal.

     The  _g_l_o_b_a_l command itself may not appear in _c_m_d_s_.  The _u_n_d_o
     command is also not permitted there, as _u_n_d_o instead can  be
     used  to  reverse  the  entire  _g_l_o_b_a_l command.  The options
     _a_u_t_o_p_r_i_n_t and _a_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t are inhibited during a _g_l_o_b_a_l_, (and
     possibly  the  trailing  //  delimiter)  and the value of the
     _r_e_p_o_r_t option is temporarily infinite,  in  deference  to  a
     _r_e_p_o_r_t  for  the  entire  global.  Finally, the context mark
     `''' is set to the value of `.' before  the  global  command
     begins  and  is  not changed during a global command, except
     perhaps by an _o_p_e_n or _v_i_s_u_a_l within the _g_l_o_b_a_l_.


gg!! //_p_a_t// _c_m_d_s                           abbr: vv

     The variant form of _g_l_o_b_a_l runs _c_m_d_s at each line not match-
     ing _p_a_t.


-----------
*  In  the rare case that the current file is `[Not edited]' this
is noted also; in this case you have to use the form ww!! to  write
to  the  file, since the editor is not sure that a wwrriittee will not
destroy a file unrelated to the current contents of the buffer.









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( .. )iinnsseerrtt                             abbr: ii
_t_e_x_t
..

     Places  the  given text before the specified line.  The cur-
     rent line is left at the last line input; if there were none
     input  it  is  left  at  the line before the addressed line.
     This command differs from _a_p_p_e_n_d only in  the  placement  of
     text.


ii!!
_t_e_x_t
..

     The variant toggles _a_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t during the _i_n_s_e_r_t_.


( .. , ..+1 ) jjooiinn _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s            abbr: jj

     Places  the text from a specified range of lines together on
     one line.  White space is adjusted at each junction to  pro-
     vide at least one blank character, two if there was a `..' at
     the end of the line, or none if the first following  charac-
     ter is a `)'.  If there is already white space at the end of
     the line, then the white space at the start of the next line
     will be discarded.


jj!!

     The  variant  causes a simpler _j_o_i_n with no white space pro-
     cessing; the characters in the  lines  are  simply  concate-
     nated.


( .. ) kk _x

     The  _k command is a synonym for _m_a_r_k_.  It does not require a
     blank or tab before the following letter.


( .. , .. ) lliisstt _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s

     Prints the specified lines in a more unambiguous  way:  tabs
     are  printed as `^I' and the end of each line is marked with
     a trailing `$'.  The current line is left at the  last  line
     printed.


mmaapp _l_h_s _r_h_s

     The  _m_a_p  command is used to define macros for use in _v_i_s_u_a_l
     mode.  _L_h_s should be a single  character,  or  the  sequence









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     ``#n'',  for  n  a digit, referring to function key _n.  When
     this character or function key is typed in _v_i_s_u_a_l  mode,  it
     will  be as though the corresponding _r_h_s had been typed.  On
     terminals without function keys, you can type  ``#n''.   See
     section  6.9  of  the ``Introduction to Display Editing with
     Vi'' for more details.


( .. ) mmaarrkk _x

     Gives the specified line mark _x_, a single lower case letter.
     The  _x must be preceded by a blank or a tab.  The addressing
     form `'x' then addresses this line.  The current line is not
     affected by this command.


( .. , .. ) mmoovvee _a_d_d_r                     abbr: mm

     The _m_o_v_e command repositions the specified lines to be after
     _a_d_d_r.  The first of the  moved  lines  becomes  the  current
     line.


nneexxtt                                    abbr: nn

     The next file from the command line argument list is edited.


nn!!

     The variant suppresses warnings about the  modifications  to
     the  buffer  not  having been written out, discarding (irre-
     trievably) any changes which may have been made.


nn _f_i_l_e_l_i_s_t
nn ++_c_o_m_m_a_n_d _f_i_l_e_l_i_s_t

     The specified _f_i_l_e_l_i_s_t is expanded and  the  resulting  list
     replaces  the  current  argument list; the first file in the
     new list is then edited.  If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is given (it must  con-
     tain no spaces), then it is executed after editing the first
     such file.


( .. , .. ) nnuummbbeerr _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s            abbr: ## or nnuu

     Prints each specified line preceded by its buffer line  num-
     ber.  The current line is left at the last line printed.














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( .. ) ooppeenn _f_l_a_g_s                        abbr: oo
( .. ) ooppeenn /_p_a_t/ _f_l_a_g_s

     Enters  intraline  editing _o_p_e_n mode at each addressed line.
     If _p_a_t is given, then the cursor will be placed initially at
     the beginning of the string matched by the pattern.  To exit
     this mode use Q.  See _A_n  _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n  _t_o  _D_i_s_p_l_a_y  _E_d_i_t_i_n_g
     _w_i_t_h _V_i for more details.


pprreesseerrvvee

     The  current editor buffer is saved as though the system had
     just crashed.  This command is for use only  in  emergencies
     when  a _w_r_i_t_e command has resulted in an error and you don't
     know how to save your work.  After  a  _p_r_e_s_e_r_v_e  you  should
     seek help.


( .. , .. )pprriinntt _c_o_u_n_t                    abbr: pp or PP

     Prints  the  specified  lines  with  non-printing characters
     printed as control characters `^_x'; delete  (octal  177)  is
     represented  as  `^?'.  The current line is left at the last
     line printed.


( .. )ppuutt _b_u_f_f_e_r                         abbr: ppuu

     Puts back previously _d_e_l_e_t_e_d or _y_a_n_k_e_d lines.  Normally used
     with  _d_e_l_e_t_e  to  effect  movement of lines, or with _y_a_n_k to
     effect duplication of lines.  If  no  _b_u_f_f_e_r  is  specified,
     then the last _d_e_l_e_t_e_d or _y_a_n_k_e_d text is restored.*  By using
     a named buffer, text may be restored that was saved there at
     any previous time.


qquuiitt                                    abbr: qq

     Causes  _e_x  to  terminate.  No automatic write of the editor
     buffer to a file is performed.  However, _e_x issues a warning
     message if the file has changed since the last _w_r_i_t_e command
     was  issued,  and does not _q_u_i_t_._[_+_]  Normally, you will wish
     to save your changes, and you should give a  _w_r_i_t_e  command;
     if you wish to discard them, use the qq!! command variant.



-----------
*  But  no modifying commands may intervene between the _d_e_l_e_t_e or
_y_a_n_k and the _p_u_t_, nor may lines be moved  between  files  without
using a named buffer.
[+] _E_x will also issue a diagnostic if there are  more  files  in
the argument list.









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qq!!

     Quits  from  the  editor,  discarding  changes to the buffer
     without complaint.


( .. ) rreeaadd _f_i_l_e                         abbr: rr

     Places a copy of the text of the given file in  the  editing
     buffer  after  the  specified line.  If no _f_i_l_e is given the
     current file name is used.  The current  file  name  is  not
     changed  unless there is none in which case _f_i_l_e becomes the
     current name.  The sensibility  restrictions  for  the  _e_d_i_t
     command  apply  here  also.  If the file buffer is empty and
     there is no current name then _e_x treats this as an _e_d_i_t com-
     mand.

     Address `0' is legal for this command and causes the file to
     be read at the beginning  of  the  buffer.   Statistics  are
     given  as  for  the  _e_d_i_t command when the _r_e_a_d successfully
     terminates.  After a _r_e_a_d the current line is the last  line
     read.[++]


( .. ) rreeaadd  !!_c_o_m_m_a_n_d

     Reads the output of the  command  _c_o_m_m_a_n_d  into  the  buffer
     after the specified line.  This is not a variant form of the
     command, rather a read specifying a _c_o_m_m_a_n_d  rather  than  a
     _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e_; a blank or tab before the !! is mandatory.


rreeccoovveerr _f_i_l_e

     Recovers _f_i_l_e from the system save area.  Used after a acci-
     dental hangup of the phone** or a system crash** or _p_r_e_s_e_r_v_e
     command.  Except when you use _p_r_e_s_e_r_v_e you will be  notified
     by mail when a file is saved.


rreewwiinndd                                  abbr: rreeww

     The argument list is rewound, and the first file in the list
     is edited.


rreeww!!


-----------
[++]  Within _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l the current line is set to the first
line read rather than the last.
** The system saves a copy of the file you were editing  only  if
you have made changes to the file.









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     Rewinds the argument list discarding any changes made to the
     current buffer.


sseett _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r

     With  no  arguments,  prints those options whose values have
     been changed from their  defaults;  with  parameter  _a_l_l  it
     prints all of the option values.

     Giving  an option name followed by a `?'  causes the current
     value of that option to be printed.  The `?' is  unnecessary
     unless  the  option  is Boolean valued.  Boolean options are
     given values either by the form `set _o_p_t_i_o_n' to turn them on
     or  `set  no_o_p_t_i_o_n'  to  turn  them  off; string and numeric
     options are assigned via the form `set _o_p_t_i_o_n=value'.

     More than one parameter may be given to _s_e_t; they are inter-
     preted left-to-right.


sshheellll                                   abbr: sshh

     A  new  shell  is  created.   When  it  terminates,  editing
     resumes.


ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e                             abbr: ssoo

     Reads and executes commands from the specified file.  _S_o_u_r_c_e
     commands may be nested.


( .. , .. ) ssuubbssttiittuuttee /_p_a_t/_r_e_p_l/ _o_p_t_i_o_n_s _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_sabbr: ss

     On each specified line, the first instance of pattern _p_a_t is
     replaced by replacement pattern _r_e_p_l_.  If the _g_l_o_b_a_l indica-
     tor  option  character  `g'  appears, then all instances are
     substituted;  if  the  _c_o_n_f_i_r_m  indication   character   `c'
     appears,  then  before each substitution the line to be sub-
     stituted is typed with the string to be  substituted  marked
     with  `^'  characters.   By  typing an `y' one can cause the
     substitution to be performed,  any  other  input  causes  no
     change  to  take place.  After a _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e the current line
     is the last line substituted.

     Lines may be split by substituting new-line characters  into
     them.   The  newline in _r_e_p_l must be escaped by preceding it
     with a `\'.  Other metacharacters available in _p_a_t and  _r_e_p_l
     are described below.













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ssttoopp

     Suspends  the  editor,  returning  control  to the top level
     shell.  If _a_u_t_o_w_r_i_t_e is set and there are unsaved changes, a
     write  is  done  first unless the form ssttoopp!  is used.  This
     commands is only available where supported by  the  teletype
     driver and operating system.


( .. , .. ) ssuubbssttiittuuttee _o_p_t_i_o_n_s _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_sabbr: ss

     If  _p_a_t  and _r_e_p_l are omitted, then the last substitution is
     repeated.  This is a synonym for the && command.


( .. , .. ) tt _a_d_d_r _f_l_a_g_s

     The _t command is a synonym for _c_o_p_y.


ttaa _t_a_g

     The focus of  editing  switches  to  the  location  of  _t_a_g_,
     switching  to  a different line in the current file where it
     is defined, or if necessary to another file.[++]

     The tags file is normally  created  by  a  program  such  as
     _c_t_a_g_s_,  and  consists of a number of lines with three fields
     separated by blanks or tabs.  The first field gives the name
     of  the  tag,  the second the name of the file where the tag
     resides, and the third gives an addressing form which can be
     used  by the editor to find the tag; this field is usually a
     contextual scan using `/_p_a_t/' to be immune to minor  changes
     in  the file.  Such scans are always performed as if _n_o_m_a_g_i_c
     was set.

     The tag names in the tags file  must  be  sorted  alphabeti-
cally.


uunnaabbbbrreevviiaattee _w_o_r_d                       abbr: uunnaa

     Delete _w_o_r_d from the list of abbreviations.


uunnddoo                                    abbr: uu

     Reverses  the  changes made in the buffer by the last buffer
     editing command.  Note that _g_l_o_b_a_l commands are considered a
     single  command  for  the  purpose  of _u_n_d_o (as are _o_p_e_n and
-----------
[++] If you have modified the current file before  giving  a  _t_a_g
command, you must write it out; giving another _t_a_g command, spec-
ifying no _t_a_g will reuse the previous tag.









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     _v_i_s_u_a_l_._)  Also, the commands _w_r_i_t_e and _e_d_i_t  which  interact
     with  the  file  system  cannot  be undone.  _U_n_d_o is its own
     inverse.

     _U_n_d_o always marks the previous value of the current line `..'
     as  `'''.   After an _u_n_d_o the current line is the first line
     restored or the line before the first  line  deleted  if  no
     lines  were  restored.  For commands with more global effect
     such as _g_l_o_b_a_l and _v_i_s_u_a_l the current line regains it's pre-
     command value after an _u_n_d_o_.


uunnmmaapp _l_h_s

     The macro expansion associated by _m_a_p for _l_h_s is removed.


( 1 , $ ) vv /_p_a_t/ _c_m_d_s

     A  synonym  for  the  _g_l_o_b_a_l command variant gg!!, running the
     specified _c_m_d_s on each line which does not match _p_a_t.


vveerrssiioonn                                 abbr: vvee

     Prints the current version number of the editor as  well  as
     the date the editor was last changed.


( .. ) vviissuuaall _t_y_p_e _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s           abbr: vvii

     Enters  visual mode at the specified line.  _T_y_p_e is optional
     and may be `-' , `^' or `..'  as in the _z command to  specify
     the  placement  of  the  specified  line  on the screen.  By
     default, if _t_y_p_e is omitted, the specified line is placed as
     the  first on the screen.  A _c_o_u_n_t specifies an initial win-
     dow size; the default is the value  of  the  option  _w_i_n_d_o_w_.
     See  the document _A_n _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _t_o _D_i_s_p_l_a_y _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _w_i_t_h _V_i
     for more details.  To exit this mode, type Q.


vviissuuaall file
vviissuuaall +_n file

     From visual mode, this command is the same as edit.


( 1 , $ ) wwrriittee _f_i_l_e                    abbr: ww

     Writes changes made back to _f_i_l_e,  printing  the  number  of
     lines  and characters written.  Normally _f_i_l_e is omitted and
     the text goes back where it came from.  If a _f_i_l_e is  speci-











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     fied, then text will be written to that file.*  If the  file
     does  not  exist  it  is  created.  The current file name is
     changed only if there is no current file name;  the  current
     line is never changed.

     If  an  error  occurs  while  writing the current and _e_d_i_t_e_d
     file, the editor considers that there has  been  ``No  write
     since  last  change''  even if the buffer had not previously
     been modified.


( 1 , $ ) wwrriittee>>>> _f_i_l_e                  abbr: ww>>>>

     Writes the buffer contents at the end of an existing file.



ww!! _n_a_m_e

     Overrides the checking of the normal _w_r_i_t_e command, and will
     write to any file which the system permits.


( 1 , $ ) ww  !!_c_o_m_m_a_n_d

     Writes  the  specified lines into _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_.  Note the differ-
     ence between ww!! which overrides checks and ww  !! which writes
     to a command.


wwqq _n_a_m_e

     Like a _w_r_i_t_e and then a _q_u_i_t command.


wwqq!! _n_a_m_e

     The  variant  overrides  checking  on the sensibility of the
     _w_r_i_t_e command, as ww!! does.


xxiitt _n_a_m_e

     If any changes have been made and not  written,  writes  the
     buffer out.  Then, in any case, quits.




-----------
*  The editor writes to a file only if it is the current file and
is _e_d_i_t_e_d, if the file does not exist, or if the file is actually
a  teletype,  _/_d_e_v_/_t_t_y_,  _/_d_e_v_/_n_u_l_l_.  Otherwise, you must give the
variant form ww!! to force the write.









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( .. , .. )yyaannkk _b_u_f_f_e_r _c_o_u_n_t              abbr: yyaa

     Places  the  specified  lines in the named _b_u_f_f_e_r_, for later
     retrieval via _p_u_t_.  If no  buffer  name  is  specified,  the
     lines  go  to  a  more  volatile  place; see the _p_u_t command
     description.


( ..++11 ) zz _c_o_u_n_t

     Print the next _c_o_u_n_t lines, default _w_i_n_d_o_w.


( .. ) zz _t_y_p_e _c_o_u_n_t

     Prints a window of text with the specified line at the  top.
     If  _t_y_p_e  is  `-'  the  line  is placed at the bottom; a `..'
     causes the line to be placed in the center.*  A count  gives
     the  number  of lines to be displayed rather than double the
     number specified by the _s_c_r_o_l_l option.  On a CRT the  screen
     is  cleared  before  display  begins unless a count which is
     less than the screen size is given.   The  current  line  is
     left at the last line printed.


!! _c_o_m_m_a_n_d

     The remainder of the line after the `!' character is sent to
     a  shell  to  be  executed.   Within the text of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d the
     characters `%' and `#' are expanded as in filenames and  the
     character `!' is replaced with the text of the previous com-
     mand.  Thus, in particular, `!!' repeats the last such shell
     escape.   If  any  such expansion is performed, the expanded
     line will be echoed.  The current line is unchanged by  this
     command.

     If  there  has  been  ``[No write]''  of the buffer contents
     since the last change to the editing buffer, then a diagnos-
     tic  will  be  printed  before  the command is executed as a
     warning.  A single `!' is  printed  when  the  command  com-
     pletes.


( _a_d_d_r , _a_d_d_r ) !! _c_o_m_m_a_n_d

     Takes  the  specified address range and supplies it as stan-
     dard input to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_; the resulting  output  then  replaces
-----------
* Forms `z=' and `z^' also exist; `z=' places the current line in
the center, surrounds it with lines of `-' characters and  leaves
the  current  line at this line.  The form `z^' prints the window
before `z-' would.  The  characters  `+',  `^'  and  `-'  may  be
repeated  for cumulative effect.  On some v2 editors, no _t_y_p_e may
be given.









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     the input lines.


( $ ) ==

     Prints  the  line number of the addressed line.  The current
     line is unchanged.


( .. , .. ) >> _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s
( .. , .. ) << _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s

     Perform intelligent  shifting  on  the  specified  lines;  <<
     shifts  left  and  >>  shift right.  The quantity of shift is
     determined by the _s_h_i_f_t_w_i_d_t_h option and  the  repetition  of
     the  specification  character.  Only white space (blanks and
     tabs) is shifted; no non-white characters are discarded in a
     left-shift.   The  current  line becomes the last line which
     changed due to the shifting.


^^DD

     An end-of-file from a terminal  input  scrolls  through  the
     file.   The  _s_c_r_o_l_l option specifies the size of the scroll,
     normally a half screen of text.


( ..+1 , ..+1 )
( ..+1 , ..+1 ) |

     An address alone causes the addressed lines to  be  printed.
     A blank line prints the next line in the file.


( .. , .. ) && _o_p_t_i_o_n_s _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s

     Repeats the previous _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e command.


( .. , .. ) ~~ _o_p_t_i_o_n_s _c_o_u_n_t _f_l_a_g_s

     Replaces  the  previous regular expression with the previous
     replacement pattern from a substitution.

88..  RReegguullaarr eexxpprreessssiioonnss aanndd ssuubbssttiittuuttee rreeppllaacceemmeenntt ppaatttteerrnnss

88..11..  RReegguullaarr eexxpprreessssiioonnss

     A regular expression specifies a set of strings  of  charac-
ters.   A  member of this set of strings is said to be _m_a_t_c_h_e_d by
the  regular  expression.   _E_x  remembers  two  previous  regular
expressions: the previous regular expression used in a _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e
command  and  the  previous  regular  expression  used  elsewhere









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(referred  to  as the previous _s_c_a_n_n_i_n_g regular expression.)  The
previous regular expression can always be referred to by  a  null
_r_e, e.g. `//' or `??'.

88..22..  MMaaggiicc aanndd nnoommaaggiicc

     The regular expressions allowed by _e_x are constructed in one
of two ways depending on the setting of the _m_a_g_i_c option.  The _e_x
and  _v_i default setting of _m_a_g_i_c gives quick access to a powerful
set of regular expression metacharacters.   The  disadvantage  of
_m_a_g_i_c  is  that  the user must remember that these metacharacters
are _m_a_g_i_c and precede them with the character `\' to use them  as
``ordinary''  characters.   With  _n_o_m_a_g_i_c_,  the default for _e_d_i_t_,
regular expressions  are  much  simpler,  there  being  only  two
metacharacters.   The  power of the other metacharacters is still
available by preceding the (now) ordinary character with  a  `\'.
Note that `\' is thus always a metacharacter.

     The  remainder  of  the  discussion  of  regular expressions
assumes that that the setting of this option is _m_a_g_i_c_._[_+_]

88..33..  BBaassiicc rreegguullaarr eexxpprreessssiioonn ssuummmmaarryy

     The  following  basic constructs are used to construct _m_a_g_i_c
mode regular expressions.

_c_h_a_r           An ordinary character matches itself.  The charac-
               ters  `^'  at  the beginning of a line, `$' at the
               end of line, `*' as any character other  than  the
               first,  `.',  `\',  `[',  and `~' are not ordinary
               characters and must be escaped (preceded)  by  `\'
               to be treated as such.

^^              At  the beginning of a pattern forces the match to
               succeed only at the beginning of a line.

$$              At the end of  a  regular  expression  forces  the
               match to succeed only at the end of the line.

..              Matches  any  single character except the new-line
               character.

\\<<             Forces the match to occur only at the beginning of
               a ``variable'' or ``word''; that is, either at the
               beginning of a line,  or  just  before  a  letter,
               digit,  or underline and after a character not one
               of these.
-----------
[+] To discern what is true with _n_o_m_a_g_i_c it suffices to  remember
that  the only special characters in this case will be `^' at the
beginning of a regular expression, `$' at the end  of  a  regular
expression,  and  `\'.   With  _n_o_m_a_g_i_c the characters `~' and `&'
also lose their special meanings related to the replacement  pat-
tern of a substitute.









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\\>>             Similar to `\<', but matching the end of a ``vari-
               able''  or  ``word'',  i.e.  either the end of the
               line or before character which is neither  a  let-
               ter, nor a digit, nor the underline character.

[[_s_t_r_i_n_g]       Matches   any  (single)  character  in  the  class
               defined by  _s_t_r_i_n_g_.   Most  characters  in  _s_t_r_i_n_g
               define themselves.  A pair of characters separated
               by `-' in _s_t_r_i_n_g defines  the  set  of  characters
               collating  between  the  specified lower and upper
               bounds,  thus  `[a-z]'  as  a  regular  expression
               matches  any  (single)  lower-case letter.  If the
               first character of _s_t_r_i_n_g is an `^' then the  con-
               struct matches those characters which it otherwise
               would not; thus `[^a-z]' matches  anything  but  a
               lower-case  letter  (and of course a newline).  To
               place any of the characters `^', `[',  or  `-'  in
               _s_t_r_i_n_g  you must escape them with a preceding `\'.

88..44..  CCoommbbiinniinngg rreegguullaarr eexxpprreessssiioonn pprriimmiittiivveess

     The concatenation of two  regular  expressions  matches  the
leftmost  and  then  longest string which can be divided with the
first piece matching the first regular expression and the  second
piece  matching  the second.  Any of the (single character match-
ing) regular expressions mentioned above may be followed  by  the
character `*' to form a regular expression which matches any num-
ber of adjacent occurrences (including 0) of  characters  matched
by the regular expression it follows.

     The  character  `~' may be used in a regular expression, and
matches the text which defined the replacement part of  the  last
_s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e command.  A regular expression may be enclosed between
the sequences `\(' and `\)' with side effects in  the  _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e
replacement patterns.

88..55..  SSuubbssttiittuuttee rreeppllaacceemmeenntt ppaatttteerrnnss

     The basic metacharacters for the replacement pattern are `&'
and `~'; these are given as `\&' and `\~' when  _n_o_m_a_g_i_c  is  set.
Each instance of `&' is replaced by the characters which the reg-
ular expression matched.  The metacharacter `~'  stands,  in  the
replacement  pattern,  for  the  defining  text  of  the previous
replacement pattern.

     Other metasequences possible in the replacement pattern  are
always  introduced  by  the escaping character `\'.  The sequence
`\_n' is replaced by the text matched by the _n-th  regular  subex-
pression  enclosed  between `\(' and `\)'.[+]  The sequences `\u'
and  `\l'  cause  the  immediately  following  character  in  the
-----------
[+]  When  nested, parenthesized subexpressions are present, _n is
determined by counting occurrences  of  `\('  starting  from  the
left.









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replacement  to be converted to upper- or lower-case respectively
if this character is a letter.  The sequences `\U' and `\L'  turn
such  conversion on, either until `\E' or `\e' is encountered, or
until the end of the replacement pattern.

99..  OOppttiioonn ddeessccrriippttiioonnss



aauuttooiinnddeenntt, aaii                default: noai

     Can be used to ease the preparation  of  structured  program
     text.   At  the  beginning  of each _a_p_p_e_n_d, _c_h_a_n_g_e or _i_n_s_e_r_t
     command or when a new  line  is  _o_p_e_n_e_d  or  created  by  an
     _a_p_p_e_n_d,  _c_h_a_n_g_e, _i_n_s_e_r_t, or _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e operation within _o_p_e_n
     or _v_i_s_u_a_l mode, _e_x looks at the line being  appended  after,
     the  first line changed or the line inserted before and cal-
     culates the amount of white space at the start of the  line.
     It  then  aligns  the  cursor at the level of indentation so
     determined.

     If the user then types lines of text in, they will  continue
     to  be  justified at the displayed indenting level.  If more
     white space is typed at the beginning of a line, the follow-
     ing line will start aligned with the first non-white charac-
     ter of the previous line.  To back the cursor up to the pre-
     ceding  tab  stop one can hit ^^DD.  The tab stops going back-
     wards are defined at multiples  of  the  _s_h_i_f_t_w_i_d_t_h  option.
     You  _c_a_n_n_o_t  backspace over the indent, except by sending an
     end-of-file with a ^^DD.

     Specially processed in this mode is a line with  no  charac-
     ters  added  to it, which turns into a completely blank line
     (the white space provided for the _a_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t is  discarded.)
     Also  specially  processed  in this mode are lines beginning
     with an `^' and immediately followed by a ^^DD.   This  causes
     the  input  to be repositioned at the beginning of the line,
     but retaining the previous indent for the next line.   Simi-
     larly,  a  `0' followed by a ^^DD repositions at the beginning
     but without retaining the previous indent.

     _A_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t doesn't happen in _g_l_o_b_a_l  commands  or  when  the
     input is not a terminal.


aauuttoopprriinntt, aapp                 default: ap

     Causes  the  current  line  to be printed after each _d_e_l_e_t_e,
     _c_o_p_y, _j_o_i_n, _m_o_v_e, _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_e,  _t,  _u_n_d_o  or  shift  command.
     This has the same effect as supplying a trailing `p' to each
     such command.  _A_u_t_o_p_r_i_n_t is suppressed in globals, and  only
     applies to the last of many commands on a line.











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aauuttoowwrriittee, aaww                 default: noaw

     Causes  the contents of the buffer to be written to the cur-
     rent file if you have modified it and give a  _n_e_x_t_,  _r_e_w_i_n_d_,
     _s_t_o_p_,  _t_a_g_, or _!  command, or a ^^^^ (switch files) or ^^]] (tag
     goto) command in _v_i_s_u_a_l_.  Note, that the _e_d_i_t  and  _e_x  com-
     mands  do  nnoott autowrite.  In each case, there is an equiva-
     lent way of switching when autowrite is  set  to  avoid  the
     _a_u_t_o_w_r_i_t_e  (_e_d_i_t  for  _n_e_x_t,  _r_e_w_i_n_d_!  for .I rewind , _s_t_o_p_!
     for _s_t_o_p, _t_a_g_!  for _t_a_g, _s_h_e_l_l for _!, and ::ee ##  and  a  ::ttaa!!
     command from within _v_i_s_u_a_l_)_.


bbeeaauuttiiffyy, bbff                  default: nobeautify

     Causes  all control characters except tab, newline and form-
     feed to be discarded from the input.  A complaint is  regis-
     tered  the  first  time  a backspace character is discarded.
     _B_e_a_u_t_i_f_y does not apply to command input.


ddiirreeccttoorryy, ddiirr                default: dir=/tmp

     Specifies the directory in which _e_x places its buffer  file.
     If this directory in not writable, then the editor will exit
     abruptly when it fails to  be  able  to  create  its  buffer
     there.


eeddccoommppaattiibbllee                  default: noedcompatible

     Causes  the  presence of absence of gg and cc suffixes on sub-
     stitute commands to be remembered,  and  to  be  toggled  by
     repeating the suffices.  The suffix rr makes the substitution
     be as in the _~ command, instead of like _&_.


eerrrroorrbbeellllss, eebb                default: noeb

     Error  messages  are  preceded  by a bell.*  If possible the
     editor always places the error message in a standout mode of
     the  terminal (such as inverse video) instead of ringing the
     bell.


hhaarrddttaabbss, hhtt                  default: ht=8

     Gives the boundaries on which terminal hardware tabs are set
     (or on which the system expands tabs).


-----------
* Bell ringing in _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l on errors is not suppressed  by
setting _n_o_e_b_.









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iiggnnoorreeccaassee, iicc                default: noic

     All  upper  case  characters in the text are mapped to lower
     case in regular expression matching.  In addition, all upper
     case  characters  in regular expressions are mapped to lower
     case except in character class specifications.


lliisspp                          default: nolisp

     _A_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t indents appropriately for _l_i_s_p code, and the ((  ))
     {{  }}  [[[[  and ]]]] commands in _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l are modified to
     have meaning for _l_i_s_p.


lliisstt                          default: nolist

     All printed lines will be  displayed  (more)  unambiguously,
     showing tabs and end-of-lines as in the _l_i_s_t command.


mmaaggiicc                         default: magic for _e_x and _v_i[+]

     If   _n_o_m_a_g_i_c  is  set,  the  number  of  regular  expression
     metacharacters is greatly reduced, with  only  `^'  and  `$'
     having  special effects.  In addition the metacharacters `~'
     and `&' of the replacement pattern  are  treated  as  normal
     characters.  All the normal metacharacters may be made _m_a_g_i_c
     when _n_o_m_a_g_i_c is set by preceding them with a `\'.


mmeessgg                          default: mesg

     Causes write permission to be turned  off  to  the  terminal
     while you are in visual mode, if _n_o_m_e_s_g is set.


mmooddeelliinnee                      default: nomodeline

     If _m_o_d_e_l_i_n_e is set, then the first 5 lines and the last five
     lines of the file will be checked for ex command  lines  and
     the comands issued.  To be recognized as a command line, the
     line must have the string eexx:: or vvii:: preceeded by a tab or a
     space.  This string may be anywhere in the line and anything
     after the _: is interpeted as editor commands.   This  option
     defaults to off because of unexpected behavior when editting
     files such as _/_e_t_c_/_p_a_s_s_w_d_.


nnuummbbeerr,, nnuu                    default: nonumber


-----------
[+] _N_o_m_a_g_i_c for _e_d_i_t.









USD:12-26                                     Ex Reference Manual


     Causes all output lines to be printed with their  line  num-
     bers.   In  addition each input line will be prompted for by
     supplying the line number it will have.


ooppeenn                          default: open

     If _n_o_o_p_e_n, the commands _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l are  not  permitted.
     This  is  set  for  _e_d_i_t to prevent confusion resulting from
     accidental entry to open or visual mode.


ooppttiimmiizzee,, oopptt                 default: optimize

     Throughput of text is expedited by setting the  terminal  to
     not  do  automatic  carriage returns when printing more than
     one (logical) line of output,  greatly  speeding  output  on
     terminals without addressable cursors when text with leading
     white space is printed.


ppaarraaggrraapphhss,, ppaarraa              default: para=IPLPPPQPP LIbp

     Specifies the paragraphs for the {{ and }} operations in  _o_p_e_n
     and  _v_i_s_u_a_l_.   The pairs of characters in the option's value
     are the names of the macros which start paragraphs.


pprroommpptt                        default: prompt

     Command mode input is prompted for with a `:'.


rreeddrraaww                        default: noredraw

     The editor simulates (using great  amounts  of  output),  an
     intelligent  terminal on a dumb terminal (e.g. during inser-
     tions in _v_i_s_u_a_l the characters to the right  of  the  cursor
     position  are  refreshed  as each input character is typed.)
     Useful only at very high speed.


rreemmaapp                         default: remap

     If on, macros are repeatedly tried until they are unchanged.
     For example, if oo is mapped to OO, and OO is mapped to II, then
     if _r_e_m_a_p is set, oo will map to II, but if _n_o_r_e_m_a_p is set,  it
     will map to OO.


rreeppoorrtt                        default: report=5[+]

-----------
[+] 2 for _e_d_i_t.









Ex Reference Manual                                     USD:12-27


     Specifies  a threshold for feedback from commands.  Any com-
     mand which modifies more than the specified number of  lines
     will  provide  feedback as to the scope of its changes.  For
     commands such as _g_l_o_b_a_l, _o_p_e_n, _u_n_d_o, and _v_i_s_u_a_l  which  have
     potentially  more  far reaching scope, the net change in the
     number of lines in the buffer is presented at the end of the
     command,  subject to this same threshold.  Thus notification
     is suppressed during a _g_l_o_b_a_l command on the individual com-
     mands performed.


ssccrroollll                        default: scroll=1/2 window

     Determines the number of logical lines scrolled when an end-
     of-file is received from a terminal input in  command  mode,
     and  the number of lines printed by a command mode _z command
     (double the value of _s_c_r_o_l_l).


sseeccttiioonnss                      default: sections=SHNHH HU

     Specifies the section macros for the [[[[ and ]]]] operations in
     _o_p_e_n  and  _v_i_s_u_a_l_.  The pairs of characters in the options's
     value are the names of the macros which start paragraphs.


sshheellll, sshh                     default: sh=/bin/sh

     Gives the path name of the shell forked for the shell escape
     command `!', and by the _s_h_e_l_l command.  The default is taken
     from SHELL in the environment, if present.


sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh, ssww                default: sw=8

     Gives the width a software tab stop, used in reverse tabbing
     with  ^^DD  when  using  _a_u_t_o_i_n_d_e_n_t to append text, and by the
     shift commands.


sshhoowwmmaattcchh,, ssmm                 default: nosm

     In _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l mode, when a )) or }} is  typed,  move  the
     cursor  to the matching (( or {{ for one second if this match-
     ing character is on the screen.  Extremely useful with _l_i_s_p_.


sslloowwooppeenn,, ssllooww                terminal dependent

     Affects  the  display algorithm used in _v_i_s_u_a_l mode, holding
     off display updating during input of  new  text  to  improve
     throughput  when  the terminal in use is both slow and unin-
     telligent.  See _A_n _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _t_o _D_i_s_p_l_a_y _E_d_i_t_i_n_g  _w_i_t_h  _V_i
     for more details.









USD:12-28                                     Ex Reference Manual


ttaabbssttoopp,, ttss                   default: ts=8

     The  editor  expands tabs in the input file to be on _t_a_b_s_t_o_p
     boundaries for the purposes of display.


ttaagglleennggtthh,, ttll                 default: tl=0

     Tags are not significant beyond  this  many  characters.   A
     value  of  zero  (the default) means that all characters are
     significant.


ttaaggss                          default: tags=tags /usr/lib/tags

     A path of files to be used as tag files for the _t_a_g command.
     A  requested  tag  is  searched  for in the specified files,
     sequentially.  By default, files called  ttaaggss  are  searched
     for  in the current directory and in /usr/lib (a master file
     for the entire system).


tteerrmm                          from environment TERM

     The terminal type of the output device.


tteerrssee                         default: noterse

     Shorter error diagnostics are produced for  the  experienced
     user.


wwaarrnn                          default: warn

     Warn if there has been `[No write since last change]' before
     a `!'  command escape.


wwiinnddooww                        default: window=speed dependent

     The number of lines in a text window in the _v_i_s_u_a_l  command.
     The  default  is  8 at slow speeds (600 baud or less), 16 at
     medium speed (1200 baud), and the  full  screen  (minus  one
     line) at higher speeds.


ww330000,, ww11220000 ww99660000

     These  are not true options but set wwiinnddooww only if the speed
     is slow (300), medium (1200), or high (9600),  respectively.
     They  are  suitable for an EXINIT and make it easy to change
     the 8/16/full screen rule.










Ex Reference Manual                                     USD:12-29


wwrraappssccaann, wwss                  default: ws

     Searches using the regular expressions  in  addressing  will
     wrap around past the end of the file.


wwrraappmmaarrggiinn, wwmm                default: wm=0

     Defines a margin for automatic wrapover of text during input
     in _o_p_e_n and _v_i_s_u_a_l modes.  See _A_n _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _t_o _T_e_x_t _E_d_i_t_-
     _i_n_g _w_i_t_h _V_i for details.


wwrriitteeaannyy, wwaa                  default: nowa

     Inhibit  the  checks  normally  made  before _w_r_i_t_e commands,
     allowing a write to any file  which  the  system  protection
     mechanism will allow.

1100..  AAcckknnoowwlleeddggeemmeennttss

     Chuck  Haley contributed greatly to the early development of
_e_x_.  Bruce Englar encouraged the redesign which led to _e_x version
1.   Bill  Joy  wrote versions 1 and 2.0 through 2.7, and created
the framework that users see in the present editor.  Mark  Horton
added  macros  and  other  features and made the editor work on a
large number of terminals and Unix systems.

































