rfc9913v2.txt   rfc9913.txt 
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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) P. Thubert, Ed. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) P. Thubert, Ed.
Request for Comments: 9913 Independent Request for Comments: 9913 Independent
Category: Informational D. Cavalcanti Category: Informational D. Cavalcanti
ISSN: 2070-1721 Intel ISSN: 2070-1721 Intel
X. Vilajosana X. Vilajosana
Universitat Oberta de Catalunya Universitat Oberta de Catalunya
C. Schmitt C. Schmitt
Research Institute CODE, UniBw M Research Institute CODE, UniBw M
J. Farkas J. Farkas
Ericsson Ericsson
February 2026 April 2026
Reliable and Available Wireless (RAW) Technologies Reliable and Available Wireless (RAW) Technologies
Abstract Abstract
This document surveys the short- and middle-range radio technologies This document surveys the short- and middle-range radio technologies
over which providing Deterministic Networking (DetNet), and more over which providing Deterministic Networking (DetNet), and more
specifically, Reliable and Available Wireless (RAW) service is specifically, Reliable and Available Wireless (RAW) service is
suitable. It also presents the characteristics that RAW may leverage suitable. It also presents the characteristics that RAW may leverage
and explores the applicability of the technologies to carry and explores the applicability of the technologies to carry
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Wireless LAN, Wireless Personal Area Network (PAN), Wireless MAN, Wireless LAN, Wireless Personal Area Network (PAN), Wireless MAN,
Wireless Coexistence, Media Independent Handover Services, and Wireless Coexistence, Media Independent Handover Services, and
Wireless Radio Access Network (RAN). An individual working group Wireless Radio Access Network (RAN). An individual working group
provides the focus for each area. provides the focus for each area.
The IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN (WLAN) standards define the underlying The IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN (WLAN) standards define the underlying
Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical (PHY) layers for the Wi-Fi Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical (PHY) layers for the Wi-Fi
technology. While previous 802.11 generations, such as 802.11n and technology. While previous 802.11 generations, such as 802.11n and
802.11ac, focused mainly on improving peak throughput, more recent 802.11ac, focused mainly on improving peak throughput, more recent
generations are also considering other performance vectors, such as generations are also considering other performance vectors, such as
efficiency enhancements for dense environments in IEEEE Std 802.11ax efficiency enhancements for dense environments in IEEE Std 802.11ax
[IEEE802.11ax] (approved in 2021) and throughput, latency, and [IEEE802.11ax] (approved in 2021) and throughput, latency, and
reliability enhancements in IEEE Std 802.11be [IEEE802.11be] reliability enhancements in IEEE Std 802.11be [IEEE802.11be]
(approved in 2024). (approved in 2024).
IEEE Std 802.11-2012 includes support for TSN time synchronization IEEE Std 802.11-2012 includes support for TSN time synchronization
based on IEEE 802.1AS over the 802.11 Timing Measurement protocol. based on IEEE 802.1AS over the 802.11 Timing Measurement protocol.
IEEE Std 802.11-2016 additionally includes an extension to the IEEE Std 802.11-2016 additionally includes an extension to the
802.1AS operation over 802.11 for Fine Timing Measurement (FTM), as 802.1AS operation over 802.11 for Fine Timing Measurement (FTM), as
well as the Stream Reservation Protocol (IEEE 802.1Qat). 802.11 WLANs well as the Stream Reservation Protocol (IEEE 802.1Qat). 802.11 WLANs
can also be part of 802.1Q bridged networks with enhancements enabled can also be part of 802.1Q bridged networks with enhancements enabled
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players and Operational Technology (OT) companies (e.g., industrial players and Operational Technology (OT) companies (e.g., industrial
automation enterprises, machine builders, and end users). Another automation enterprises, machine builders, and end users). Another
example is the 5G Automotive Association (5GAA), which bridges ICT example is the 5G Automotive Association (5GAA), which bridges ICT
and automotive technology companies to develop end-to-end solutions and automotive technology companies to develop end-to-end solutions
for future mobility and transportation services. for future mobility and transportation services.
6.2. General Characteristics 6.2. General Characteristics
The 5G Radio Access Network (5G RAN) with its NR interface includes The 5G Radio Access Network (5G RAN) with its NR interface includes
several features to achieve Quality of Service (QoS), such as a several features to achieve Quality of Service (QoS), such as a
guaranteeably low latency or tolerable packet error rates for guaranteed low latency or tolerable packet error rates for selected
selected data flows. Determinism is achieved by centralized data flows. Determinism is achieved by centralized admission control
admission control and scheduling of the wireless frequency resources, and scheduling of the wireless frequency resources, which are
which are typically licensed frequency bands assigned to a network typically licensed frequency bands assigned to a network operator.
operator.
NR enables short transmission slots in a radio subframe, which NR enables short transmission slots in a radio subframe, which
benefits low-latency applications. NR also introduces mini-slots, benefits low-latency applications. NR also introduces mini-slots,
where prioritized transmissions can be started without waiting for where prioritized transmissions can be started without waiting for
slot boundaries, further reducing latency. As part of giving slot boundaries, further reducing latency. As part of giving
priority and faster radio access to URLLC traffic, NR introduces priority and faster radio access to URLLC traffic, NR introduces
preemption, where URLLC data transmission can preempt ongoing non- preemption, where URLLC data transmission can preempt ongoing non-
URLLC transmissions. Additionally, NR applies very fast processing, URLLC transmissions. Additionally, NR applies very fast processing,
enabling retransmissions even within short latency bounds. enabling retransmissions even within short latency bounds.
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its radio cell. its radio cell.
The user data rate of LDACS is 315 kbit/s to 1428 kbit/s on the The user data rate of LDACS is 315 kbit/s to 1428 kbit/s on the
forward link (FL) and 294 kbit/s to 1390 kbit/s on the reverse link forward link (FL) and 294 kbit/s to 1390 kbit/s on the reverse link
(RL), depending on coding and modulation. Due to strong interference (RL), depending on coding and modulation. Due to strong interference
from legacy systems in the L-band, the most robust coding and from legacy systems in the L-band, the most robust coding and
modulation should be expected for initial deployment, i.e., 315 kbit/ modulation should be expected for initial deployment, i.e., 315 kbit/
s on the FL and 294 kbit/s on the RL. s on the FL and 294 kbit/s on the RL.
In addition to the communications capability, LDACS also offers a In addition to the communications capability, LDACS also offers a
navigation capability. Ranging data, similar to DME (Distance navigation capability. Ranging data, similar to Distance Measuring
Measuring Equipment), is extracted from the LDACS communication links Equipment (DME), is extracted from the LDACS communication links
between aircraft and LDACS ground stations. This results in LDACS between aircraft and LDACS ground stations. This results in LDACS
providing an APNT (Alternative Position, Navigation and Timing) providing an Alternative Position, Navigation, and Timing (APNT)
capability to supplement the existing on-board GNSS (Global capability to supplement the existing on-board Global Navigation
Navigation Satellite System) without the need for additional Satellite System (GNSS) without the need for additional bandwidth.
bandwidth. Operationally, there will be no difference for pilots Operationally, there will be no difference for pilots whether the
whether the navigation data are provided by LDACS or DME. This navigation data are provided by LDACS or DME. This capability was
capability was flight tested and proven during the MICONAV flight flight tested and proven during the MICONAV flight trials in 2019
trials in 2019 [BAT19]. [BAT19].
In previous works and during the MICONAV flight campaign in 2019, it In previous works and during the MICONAV flight campaign in 2019, it
was also shown that LDACS can be used for surveillance capability. was also shown that LDACS can be used for surveillance capability.
Filip et al. [FIL19] have shown the passive radar capabilities of Filip et al. [FIL19] have shown the passive radar capabilities of
LDACS, and Automatic Dependence Surveillance - Contract (ADS-C) was LDACS, and Automatic Dependence Surveillance - Contract (ADS-C) was
demonstrated via LDACS during the flight campaign 2019 [SCH19]. demonstrated via LDACS during the flight campaign 2019 [SCH19].
Since LDACS has been mainly designed for air traffic management Since LDACS has been mainly designed for air traffic management
communication, it supports mutual entity authentication, integrity communication, it supports mutual entity authentication, integrity
and confidentiality capabilities of user data messages, and some and confidentiality capabilities of user data messages, and some
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[RFC8557] Finn, N. and P. Thubert, "Deterministic Networking Problem [RFC8557] Finn, N. and P. Thubert, "Deterministic Networking Problem
Statement", RFC 8557, DOI 10.17487/RFC8557, May 2019, Statement", RFC 8557, DOI 10.17487/RFC8557, May 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8557>. <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8557>.
[RFC8655] Finn, N., Thubert, P., Varga, B., and J. Farkas, [RFC8655] Finn, N., Thubert, P., Varga, B., and J. Farkas,
"Deterministic Networking Architecture", RFC 8655, "Deterministic Networking Architecture", RFC 8655,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8655, October 2019, DOI 10.17487/RFC8655, October 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8655>. <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8655>.
[RFC9912] Thubert, P., Ed., "Reliable and Available Wireless (RAW) [RFC9912] Thubert, P., Ed., "Reliable and Available Wireless (RAW)
Architecture", RFC 9912, DOI 10.17487/RFC9912, February Architecture", RFC 9912, DOI 10.17487/RFC9912, April 2026,
2026, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9912>. <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9912>.
10.2. Informative References 10.2. Informative References
[Avnu] "Avnu Alliance", <https://www.avnu.org>. [Avnu] "Avnu Alliance", <https://www.avnu.org>.
[BAT19] Battista, G., Osechas, O., Narayanan, S., Crespillo, O.G., [BAT19] Battista, G., Osechas, O., Narayanan, S., Crespillo, O.G.,
Gerbeth, D., Maeurer, N., Mielke, D., and T. Graeupl, Gerbeth, D., Maeurer, N., Mielke, D., and T. Graeupl,
"Real-Time Demonstration of Integrated Communication and "Real-Time Demonstration of Integrated Communication and
Navigation Services Using LDACS", Integrated Navigation Services Using LDACS", Integrated
Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference
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<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9262>. <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9262>.
[RFC9372] Mäurer, N., Ed., Gräupl, T., Ed., and C. Schmitt, Ed., [RFC9372] Mäurer, N., Ed., Gräupl, T., Ed., and C. Schmitt, Ed.,
"L-Band Digital Aeronautical Communications System "L-Band Digital Aeronautical Communications System
(LDACS)", RFC 9372, DOI 10.17487/RFC9372, March 2023, (LDACS)", RFC 9372, DOI 10.17487/RFC9372, March 2023,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9372>. <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9372>.
[RFC9914] Thubert, P., Ed., Jadhav, R.A., and M. Richardson, "Root- [RFC9914] Thubert, P., Ed., Jadhav, R.A., and M. Richardson, "Root-
Initiated Routing State in the Routing Protocol for Low- Initiated Routing State in the Routing Protocol for Low-
Power and Lossy Networks (RPL)", RFC 9914, Power and Lossy Networks (RPL)", RFC 9914,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9914, February 2026, DOI 10.17487/RFC9914, April 2026,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9914>. <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9914>.
[RIH18] Rihacek, C., Haindl, B., Fantappie, P., Pierattelli, S., [RIH18] Rihacek, C., Haindl, B., Fantappie, P., Pierattelli, S.,
Gräupl, T., Schnell, M., and N. Fistas, "L-band Digital Gräupl, T., Schnell, M., and N. Fistas, "L-band Digital
Aeronautical Communications System (LDACS) Activities in Aeronautical Communications System (LDACS) Activities in
SESAR2020", 2018 Integrated Communications, Navigation, SESAR2020", 2018 Integrated Communications, Navigation,
Surveillance Conference (ICNS), pp. 4A1-1-4A1-8, Surveillance Conference (ICNS), pp. 4A1-1-4A1-8,
DOI 10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384880, April 2018, DOI 10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384880, April 2018,
<https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384880>. <https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384880>.
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